A simple voltammetric method for rapid sensing of daunorubicin in the presence of dacarbazine by graphene oxide/metal–organic framework-235 nanocomposite-modified carbon paste electrode

Abstract

In the current work, a novel and simple electrochemical sensing platform was built utilizing a graphene oxide (GO)/metal–organic framework-235 (MOF-235) nanocomposite, which was successfully synthesized and used as an excellent modifier to determine the simultaneous presence of two key anticancer medications, daunorubicin (DNR), and dacarbazine (DTIC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the GO/MOF-235 nanocomposite. The electrocatalytic properties of the modified sensor based on MOF and GO in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (0.1 M—pH 7.0) toward DNR redox reaction were thoroughly investigated using electrochemical methodologies including cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. This GO/MOF-235-modified CPE demonstrated a wide linear response of 0.005–400.0 μM under optimized conditions. It was determined that 0.002 μM was the detection limit. This sensor displayed two distinct oxidation peaks at 390 mV for DNR and at 750 mV for dacarbazine (DTIC) (peak potential separation = 360 mV), allowing for the simultaneous detection of the two anticancer medications. Determination of these anticancer medicines in samples (DNR injection and DTIC injection) was effectively accomplished in the final step using the GO/MOF-235/CPE sensor.