Chronic ankle instability: a cadaveric anatomical and 3D high-resolution MRI study for surgical reconstruction procedures.

Abstract

Objectives: To quantitatively investigate the anatomy of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) for surgical reconstruction procedures in chronic ankle instability (CAI).

Methods: 3D MRI was performed on five fresh-frozen cadaveric ankles using six different spatial resolutions (0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 mm³, 0.45 × 0.45 × 0.45 mm³, 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 mm³, 0.75 × 0.75 × 0.75 mm³, 0.9 × 0.9 × 0.9 mm³, 1.05 × 1.05 × 1.05 mm³). After comparing the MRI results with cadaver dissection, a resolution of 0.45 × 0.45 × 0.45 mm³ was selected for bilateral ankles MRI on 24 volunteers. Classification of the ATFL and four distances of surgically relevant bony landmarkers were analyzed (distance 1 and 3, the fibular origin of the ATFL and CFL to the tip of fibula, respectively; distance 2, the talar insertion of the ATFL to the bare zone of talus; distance 4, the calcaneal insertion of the CFL to the peroneal tubercle).

Results: In subjective evaluation, the interobserver ICC was 0.95 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94-0.97) between two readers. The spatial resolution of 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 mm³ and 0.45 × 0.45 × 0.45 mm³ received highest subjective score on average and demonstrated highest consistency with autopsy measurements in objective evaluation. Measurements on the 48 volunteer ankles, distance 1 in type I and II were 12.65 ± 2.08 mm, 13.43 ± 2.06 mm (superior-banded in Type II) and 7.69 ± 2.56 mm (inferior-banded in Type II) (means ± SD), respectively. Distance 2 in type I and II were 10.90 ± 2.24 mm, 11.07 ± 2.66 mm (superior-banded in Type II), and 18.44 ± 3.28 mm (inferior-banded in Type II), respectively. Distance 3 and 4 were 4.71 ± 1.04 mm and 14.35 ± 2.22 mm, respectively.

Conclusion: We demonstrated the feasibility of quantifying the distances between bony landmarkers for surgical reconstruction surgery in CAI using high-resolution 3D MRI.

Critical relevance statement: High-resolution 3D MRI examination may have a guiding effect on the preoperative evaluation of chronic ankle instability patients.

Key points: Spatial resolutions of 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 mm³ and 0.45 × 0.45 × 0.45 mm³ demonstrated highest consistency with autopsy measurements. The spatial resolution of 0.45 × 0.45 × 0.45 mm³ was conformed more to clinical needs. 3D MRI can assist surgeons in developing preoperative plans for chronic ankle instability.