Revisiting Old Questions With New Methods: The Effect of Embryonic Motility on Skull Development in the Domestic Chick

IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Journal of Morphology Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI:10.1002/jmor.21785
Akinobu Watanabe, Izza Arqam, Meredith J. Taylor, Julia L. Molnar
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Abstract

Muscle loading is known to influence skeletal morphology. Therefore, modification of the biomechanical environment is expected to cause coordinated morphological changes to the bony and cartilaginous tissues. Understanding how this musculoskeletal coordination contributes to morphological variation has relevance to health sciences, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. To investigate how muscle loading influences skeletal morphology, we replicate a classic in ovo embryology experiment in the domestic chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) while harnessing modern methodologies that allow us to quantify skeletal anatomy more precisely and in situ. We induced rigid muscle paralysis in developing chicks mid-incubation, then compared the morphology of the cranium and mandible between immobilized and untreated embryos using microcomputed tomography and landmark-based geometric morphometric methods. Like earlier studies, we found predictable differences in the size and shape of the cranium and mandible in paralyzed chicks. These differences were concentrated in areas known to experience high strains during feeding, including the jaw joint and jaw muscle attachment sites. These results highlight specific areas of the skull that appear to be mechanosensitive and suggest muscles that could produce the biomechanical stimuli necessary for normal hatchling morphology. Interestingly, these same areas correspond to areas that show the greatest disparity and fastest evolutionary rates across the avian diversity, which suggests that the musculoskeletal integration observed during development extends to macroevolutionary scales. Thus, selection and evolutionary changes to muscle physiology and architecture could generate large and predictable changes to skull morphology. Building upon previous work, the adoption of modern imaging and morphometric techniques allows richer characterization of musculoskeletal integration that empowers researchers to understand how tissue-to-tissue interactions contribute to overall phenotypic variation.

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用新方法重新审视老问题:胚胎运动对家鸡头骨发育的影响
众所周知,肌肉负荷会影响骨骼形态。因此,生物力学环境的改变预计会导致骨骼和软骨组织发生协调的形态变化。了解这种肌肉骨骼协调如何导致形态变化对健康科学、发育生物学和进化生物学具有重要意义。为了研究肌肉负荷如何影响骨骼形态,我们在家鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)身上复制了经典的卵胚胎学实验,同时利用现代方法,更精确地原位量化骨骼解剖。我们在孵化中期诱导发育中的雏鸡进行硬性肌肉麻痹,然后使用微计算机断层扫描和基于地标的几何形态计量学方法比较固定胚胎和未处理胚胎的颅骨和下颌骨形态。与之前的研究一样,我们发现瘫痪雏鸟的头盖骨和下颌骨的大小和形状存在可预测的差异。这些差异主要集中在已知在进食过程中承受高应变的部位,包括下颌关节和下颌肌肉附着点。这些结果突显了颅骨上似乎对机械敏感的特定区域,并表明这些肌肉可产生正常幼体形态所需的生物力学刺激。有趣的是,这些区域也是鸟类多样性中差异最大、进化速度最快的区域。因此,肌肉生理学和结构的选择和进化变化可能会对头骨形态产生巨大的、可预测的变化。在以前工作的基础上,采用现代成像和形态计量技术可以对肌肉骨骼整合进行更丰富的表征,使研究人员能够了解组织与组织之间的相互作用是如何导致整体表型变异的。
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来源期刊
Journal of Morphology
Journal of Morphology 医学-解剖学与形态学
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
6.70%
发文量
119
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Morphology welcomes articles of original research in cytology, protozoology, embryology, and general morphology. Articles generally should not exceed 35 printed pages. Preliminary notices or articles of a purely descriptive morphological or taxonomic nature are not included. No paper which has already been published will be accepted, nor will simultaneous publications elsewhere be allowed. The Journal of Morphology publishes research in functional, comparative, evolutionary and developmental morphology from vertebrates and invertebrates. Human and veterinary anatomy or paleontology are considered when an explicit connection to neontological animal morphology is presented, and the paper contains relevant information for the community of animal morphologists. Based on our long tradition, we continue to seek publishing the best papers in animal morphology.
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