Sanju Koirala, Gracie Grimsrud, Michael A. Mooney, Bart Larsen, Eric Feczko, Jed T. Elison, Steven M. Nelson, Joel T. Nigg, Brenden Tervo-Clemmens, Damien A. Fair
{"title":"Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: historical challenges and emerging frontiers","authors":"Sanju Koirala, Gracie Grimsrud, Michael A. Mooney, Bart Larsen, Eric Feczko, Jed T. Elison, Steven M. Nelson, Joel T. Nigg, Brenden Tervo-Clemmens, Damien A. Fair","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00869-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extensive investigations spanning multiple levels of inquiry, from genetic to behavioural studies, have sought to unravel the mechanistic foundations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with the aspiration of developing efficacious treatments for this condition. Despite these efforts, the pathogenesis of ADHD remains elusive. In this Review, we reflect on what has been learned about ADHD while also providing a framework that may serve as a roadmap for future investigations. We emphasize that ADHD is a highly heterogeneous disorder with multiple aetiologies that necessitates a multifactorial dimensional phenotype, rather than a fixed dichotomous conceptualization. We highlight new findings that suggest a more brain-wide, ‘global’ view of the disorder, rather than the traditional localizationist framework, which asserts that a limited set of brain regions or networks underlie ADHD. Last, we underscore how underpowered studies that have aimed to associate neurobiology with ADHD phenotypes have long precluded the field from making progress. However, a new age of ADHD research with refined phenotypes, advanced methods, creative study designs and adequately powered investigations is beginning to put the field on a good footing. Indeed, the field is at a promising juncture to advance the neurobiological understanding of ADHD and fulfil the promise of clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00869-z","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Neuroscience","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Extensive investigations spanning multiple levels of inquiry, from genetic to behavioural studies, have sought to unravel the mechanistic foundations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with the aspiration of developing efficacious treatments for this condition. Despite these efforts, the pathogenesis of ADHD remains elusive. In this Review, we reflect on what has been learned about ADHD while also providing a framework that may serve as a roadmap for future investigations. We emphasize that ADHD is a highly heterogeneous disorder with multiple aetiologies that necessitates a multifactorial dimensional phenotype, rather than a fixed dichotomous conceptualization. We highlight new findings that suggest a more brain-wide, ‘global’ view of the disorder, rather than the traditional localizationist framework, which asserts that a limited set of brain regions or networks underlie ADHD. Last, we underscore how underpowered studies that have aimed to associate neurobiology with ADHD phenotypes have long precluded the field from making progress. However, a new age of ADHD research with refined phenotypes, advanced methods, creative study designs and adequately powered investigations is beginning to put the field on a good footing. Indeed, the field is at a promising juncture to advance the neurobiological understanding of ADHD and fulfil the promise of clinical utility.
期刊介绍:
Nature Reviews Neuroscience is a journal that is part of the Nature Reviews portfolio. It focuses on the multidisciplinary science of neuroscience, which aims to provide a complete understanding of the structure and function of the central nervous system. Advances in molecular, developmental, and cognitive neuroscience have made it possible to tackle longstanding neurobiological questions. However, the wealth of knowledge generated by these advancements has created a need for new tools to organize and communicate this information efficiently. Nature Reviews Neuroscience aims to fulfill this need by offering an authoritative, accessible, topical, and engaging resource for scientists interested in all aspects of neuroscience. The journal covers subjects such as cellular and molecular neuroscience, development of the nervous system, sensory and motor systems, behavior, regulatory systems, higher cognition and language, computational neuroscience, and disorders of the brain. Editorial decisions for the journal are made by a team of full-time professional editors who are PhD-level scientists.