Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00863-5
Darran Yates
Activation of nociceptor neurons expressing TRPV1 downregulates gut regulatory T cells.
激活表达 TRPV1 的痛觉神经元可下调肠道调节性 T 细胞。
{"title":"Neural control of gut regulatory T cells","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00863-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00863-5","url":null,"abstract":"Activation of nociceptor neurons expressing TRPV1 downregulates gut regulatory T cells.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00864-4
Sian Lewis
Most astrocytes in the mouse brain have a primary cilium that transduces local cues to drive distinct astrocytic transcriptomic programmes that determine regional astrocytic subtypes, and, in turn, shape local circuits and influence behaviour.
{"title":"Astrocyte antennae","authors":"Sian Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00864-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00864-4","url":null,"abstract":"Most astrocytes in the mouse brain have a primary cilium that transduces local cues to drive distinct astrocytic transcriptomic programmes that determine regional astrocytic subtypes, and, in turn, shape local circuits and influence behaviour.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00860-8
Jake Rogers
A study in humans reveals that the hippocampus encodes relevant task variables in abstract format during inferential reasoning, which enables the generalization needed for such complex cognition.
{"title":"Disentangling human inference","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00860-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00860-8","url":null,"abstract":"A study in humans reveals that the hippocampus encodes relevant task variables in abstract format during inferential reasoning, which enables the generalization needed for such complex cognition.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142118128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00851-9
Binod Timalsina, Sangkyu Lee, Bong-Kiun Kaang
Synapses are highly specialized neuronal structures that are essential for neurotransmission, and they are dynamically regulated throughout the lifetime. Although accumulating evidence indicates that these structures are crucial for information processing and storage in the brain, their precise roles beyond neurotransmission are yet to be fully appreciated. Genetically encoded fluorescent tools have deepened our understanding of synaptic structure and function, but developing an ideal methodology to selectively visualize, label and manipulate synapses remains challenging. Here, we provide an overview of currently available synapse labelling techniques and describe their extension to enable synapse manipulation. We categorize these approaches on the basis of their conceptual bases and target molecules, compare their advantages and limitations and propose potential modifications to improve their effectiveness. These methods have broad utility, particularly for investigating mechanisms of synaptic function and synaptopathy. An array of genetically encoded tools are now available to label and manipulate synapses in different experimental species. Kaang and colleagues provide an overview of these techniques, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages and utility for investigating synaptic function.
{"title":"Advances in the labelling and selective manipulation of synapses","authors":"Binod Timalsina, Sangkyu Lee, Bong-Kiun Kaang","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00851-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00851-9","url":null,"abstract":"Synapses are highly specialized neuronal structures that are essential for neurotransmission, and they are dynamically regulated throughout the lifetime. Although accumulating evidence indicates that these structures are crucial for information processing and storage in the brain, their precise roles beyond neurotransmission are yet to be fully appreciated. Genetically encoded fluorescent tools have deepened our understanding of synaptic structure and function, but developing an ideal methodology to selectively visualize, label and manipulate synapses remains challenging. Here, we provide an overview of currently available synapse labelling techniques and describe their extension to enable synapse manipulation. We categorize these approaches on the basis of their conceptual bases and target molecules, compare their advantages and limitations and propose potential modifications to improve their effectiveness. These methods have broad utility, particularly for investigating mechanisms of synaptic function and synaptopathy. An array of genetically encoded tools are now available to label and manipulate synapses in different experimental species. Kaang and colleagues provide an overview of these techniques, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages and utility for investigating synaptic function.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142036403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3
Brett J. Hilton, Jarred M. Griffin, James W. Fawcett, Frank Bradke
Mammalian neurons lose the ability to regenerate their central nervous system axons as they mature during embryonic or early postnatal development. Neuronal maturation requires a transformation from a situation in which neuronal components grow and assemble to one in which these components are fixed and involved in the machinery for effective information transmission and computation. To regenerate after injury, neurons need to overcome this fixed state to reactivate their growth programme. A variety of intracellular processes involved in initiating or sustaining neuronal maturation, including the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal restructuring and shifts in intracellular trafficking, have been shown to prevent axon regeneration. Understanding these processes will contribute to the identification of targets to promote repair after injury or disease. During their maturation, mammalian neurons lose the capacity to regrow their axons after an injury. Here, Hilton et al. explore the neuron maturation processes that limit axon regeneration, including changes in gene expression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and intracellular signalling and trafficking.
{"title":"Neuronal maturation and axon regeneration: unfixing circuitry to enable repair","authors":"Brett J. Hilton, Jarred M. Griffin, James W. Fawcett, Frank Bradke","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3","url":null,"abstract":"Mammalian neurons lose the ability to regenerate their central nervous system axons as they mature during embryonic or early postnatal development. Neuronal maturation requires a transformation from a situation in which neuronal components grow and assemble to one in which these components are fixed and involved in the machinery for effective information transmission and computation. To regenerate after injury, neurons need to overcome this fixed state to reactivate their growth programme. A variety of intracellular processes involved in initiating or sustaining neuronal maturation, including the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal restructuring and shifts in intracellular trafficking, have been shown to prevent axon regeneration. Understanding these processes will contribute to the identification of targets to promote repair after injury or disease. During their maturation, mammalian neurons lose the capacity to regrow their axons after an injury. Here, Hilton et al. explore the neuron maturation processes that limit axon regeneration, including changes in gene expression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and intracellular signalling and trafficking.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142007531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00853-7
Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev
{"title":"Reply to ‘The language network is topographically diverse and driven by rapid syntactic inferences’","authors":"Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00853-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00853-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-024-00853-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141913400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00852-8
Elliot Murphy, Oscar Woolnough
{"title":"The language network is topographically diverse and driven by rapid syntactic inferences","authors":"Elliot Murphy, Oscar Woolnough","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00852-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00852-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-024-00852-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141913401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00846-6
Panagiotis Fotiadis, Linden Parkes, Kathryn A. Davis, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Russell T. Shinohara, Dani S. Bassett
Precisely how the anatomical structure of the brain gives rise to a repertoire of complex functions remains incompletely understood. A promising manifestation of this mapping from structure to function is the dependency of the functional activity of a brain region on the underlying white matter architecture. Here, we review the literature examining the macroscale coupling between structural and functional connectivity, and we establish how this structure–function coupling (SFC) can provide more information about the underlying workings of the brain than either feature alone. We begin by defining SFC and describing the computational methods used to quantify it. We then review empirical studies that examine the heterogeneous expression of SFC across different brain regions, among individuals, in the context of the cognitive task being performed, and over time, as well as its role in fostering flexible cognition. Last, we investigate how the coupling between structure and function is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions, and we report how aberrant SFC is associated with disease duration and disease-specific cognitive impairment. By elucidating how the dynamic relationship between the structure and function of the brain is altered in the presence of neurological and psychiatric conditions, we aim to not only further our understanding of their aetiology but also establish SFC as a new and sensitive marker of disease symptomatology and cognitive performance. Overall, this Review collates the current knowledge regarding the regional interdependency between the macroscale structure and function of the human brain in both neurotypical and neuroatypical individuals. How the complex functionality of the human brain depends on its underlying white matter architecture is incompletely understood. In this Review, Fotiadis et al. synthesize the heterogeneous macroscale expression of normative structure–function coupling and then discuss how it is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions.
{"title":"Structure–function coupling in macroscale human brain networks","authors":"Panagiotis Fotiadis, Linden Parkes, Kathryn A. Davis, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Russell T. Shinohara, Dani S. Bassett","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00846-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00846-6","url":null,"abstract":"Precisely how the anatomical structure of the brain gives rise to a repertoire of complex functions remains incompletely understood. A promising manifestation of this mapping from structure to function is the dependency of the functional activity of a brain region on the underlying white matter architecture. Here, we review the literature examining the macroscale coupling between structural and functional connectivity, and we establish how this structure–function coupling (SFC) can provide more information about the underlying workings of the brain than either feature alone. We begin by defining SFC and describing the computational methods used to quantify it. We then review empirical studies that examine the heterogeneous expression of SFC across different brain regions, among individuals, in the context of the cognitive task being performed, and over time, as well as its role in fostering flexible cognition. Last, we investigate how the coupling between structure and function is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions, and we report how aberrant SFC is associated with disease duration and disease-specific cognitive impairment. By elucidating how the dynamic relationship between the structure and function of the brain is altered in the presence of neurological and psychiatric conditions, we aim to not only further our understanding of their aetiology but also establish SFC as a new and sensitive marker of disease symptomatology and cognitive performance. Overall, this Review collates the current knowledge regarding the regional interdependency between the macroscale structure and function of the human brain in both neurotypical and neuroatypical individuals. How the complex functionality of the human brain depends on its underlying white matter architecture is incompletely understood. In this Review, Fotiadis et al. synthesize the heterogeneous macroscale expression of normative structure–function coupling and then discuss how it is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141893898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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