Pub Date : 2025-01-29DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00907-4
Darran Yates
A new study reveals distinct circuit features of the human hippocampal CA3 region.
{"title":"Human hippocampal circuit characterization","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00907-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00907-4","url":null,"abstract":"A new study reveals distinct circuit features of the human hippocampal CA3 region.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"138-138"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00905-6
Darran Yates
Inhibition of CaMKII blocks short-term memory but not long-term memory of inhibitory avoidance in mice.
抑制CaMKII可阻断小鼠的短期记忆，而非抑制回避的长期记忆。
{"title":"The short and long pathways to memory","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00905-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00905-6","url":null,"abstract":"Inhibition of CaMKII blocks short-term memory but not long-term memory of inhibitory avoidance in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"137-137"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00898-8
Thorsten Kahnt, Geoffrey Schoenbaum
Transient changes in the firing of midbrain dopamine neurons have been closely tied to the unidimensional value-based prediction error contained in temporal difference reinforcement learning models. However, whereas an abundance of work has now shown how well dopamine responses conform to the predictions of this hypothesis, far fewer studies have challenged its implicit assumption that dopamine is not involved in learning value-neutral features of reward. Here, we review studies in rats and humans that put this assumption to the test, and which suggest that dopamine transients provide a much richer signal that incorporates information that goes beyond integrated value. Midbrain dopamine neurons are widely assumed to signal a unidimensional value-based prediction error. In this Perspective, Kahnt and Schoenbaum overview accumulating evidence that challenges this assumption, highlighting the need for a new theory on the role of dopamine in error-based learning that goes beyond value.
{"title":"The curious case of dopaminergic prediction errors and learning associative information beyond value","authors":"Thorsten Kahnt, Geoffrey Schoenbaum","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00898-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00898-8","url":null,"abstract":"Transient changes in the firing of midbrain dopamine neurons have been closely tied to the unidimensional value-based prediction error contained in temporal difference reinforcement learning models. However, whereas an abundance of work has now shown how well dopamine responses conform to the predictions of this hypothesis, far fewer studies have challenged its implicit assumption that dopamine is not involved in learning value-neutral features of reward. Here, we review studies in rats and humans that put this assumption to the test, and which suggest that dopamine transients provide a much richer signal that incorporates information that goes beyond integrated value. Midbrain dopamine neurons are widely assumed to signal a unidimensional value-based prediction error. In this Perspective, Kahnt and Schoenbaum overview accumulating evidence that challenges this assumption, highlighting the need for a new theory on the role of dopamine in error-based learning that goes beyond value.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"169-178"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00902-1
Jake Rogers
A new study reveals an algorithm implemented by neurons in the medial frontal cortex that is involved in flexibly mapping appropriate actions during goal-oriented behaviour to novel situations.
{"title":"Neural compositions use multigoal building blocks","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00902-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00902-1","url":null,"abstract":"A new study reveals an algorithm implemented by neurons in the medial frontal cortex that is involved in flexibly mapping appropriate actions during goal-oriented behaviour to novel situations.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 2","pages":"63-63"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142934925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00901-2
Katherine Whalley
A study explores the circuits through which the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex orchestrates social competition in mice.
一项研究探索了小鼠背外侧前额叶皮层协调社会竞争的回路。
{"title":"Circuit control of competition","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00901-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00901-2","url":null,"abstract":"A study explores the circuits through which the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex orchestrates social competition in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"139-139"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00893-z
Oded Bein, Yael Niv
Schemas are rich and complex knowledge structures about the typical unfolding of events in a context; for example, a schema of a dinner at a restaurant. In this Perspective, we suggest that reinforcement learning (RL), a computational theory of learning the structure of the world and relevant goal-oriented behaviour, underlies schema learning. We synthesize literature about schemas and RL to offer that three RL principles might govern the learning of schemas: learning via prediction errors, constructing hierarchical knowledge using hierarchical RL, and dimensionality reduction through learning a simplified and abstract representation of the world. We then suggest that the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex is involved in both schemas and RL due to its involvement in dimensionality reduction and in guiding memory reactivation through interactions with posterior brain regions. Last, we hypothesize that the amount of dimensionality reduction might underlie gradients of involvement along the ventral–dorsal and posterior–anterior axes of the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex. More specific and detailed representations might engage the ventral and posterior parts, whereas abstraction might shift representations towards the dorsal and anterior parts of the medial prefrontal cortex. A computational account of how schemas are learned through experience is lacking. In this Perspective, Bein and Niv synthesize schema theory and reinforcement learning research to derive computational principles that might govern schema learning and then propose their mediation via dimensionality reduction in the medial prefrontal cortex.
{"title":"Schemas, reinforcement learning and the medial prefrontal cortex","authors":"Oded Bein, Yael Niv","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00893-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00893-z","url":null,"abstract":"Schemas are rich and complex knowledge structures about the typical unfolding of events in a context; for example, a schema of a dinner at a restaurant. In this Perspective, we suggest that reinforcement learning (RL), a computational theory of learning the structure of the world and relevant goal-oriented behaviour, underlies schema learning. We synthesize literature about schemas and RL to offer that three RL principles might govern the learning of schemas: learning via prediction errors, constructing hierarchical knowledge using hierarchical RL, and dimensionality reduction through learning a simplified and abstract representation of the world. We then suggest that the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex is involved in both schemas and RL due to its involvement in dimensionality reduction and in guiding memory reactivation through interactions with posterior brain regions. Last, we hypothesize that the amount of dimensionality reduction might underlie gradients of involvement along the ventral–dorsal and posterior–anterior axes of the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex. More specific and detailed representations might engage the ventral and posterior parts, whereas abstraction might shift representations towards the dorsal and anterior parts of the medial prefrontal cortex. A computational account of how schemas are learned through experience is lacking. In this Perspective, Bein and Niv synthesize schema theory and reinforcement learning research to derive computational principles that might govern schema learning and then propose their mediation via dimensionality reduction in the medial prefrontal cortex.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"141-157"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00903-0
Linda Drijvers, Steven L. Small, Jeremy I. Skipper
{"title":"Language is widely distributed throughout the brain","authors":"Linda Drijvers, Steven L. Small, Jeremy I. Skipper","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00903-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00903-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"189-189"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-024-00903-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00904-z
Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev
{"title":"Reply to ‘Language is widely distributed throughout the brain’","authors":"Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00904-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00904-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"190-191"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-024-00904-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00895-x
Nico U. F. Dosenbach, Marcus E. Raichle, Evan M. Gordon
The brain is always intrinsically active, using energy at high rates while cycling through global functional modes. Awake brain modes are tied to corresponding behavioural states. During goal-directed behaviour, the brain enters an action-mode of function. In the action-mode, arousal is heightened, attention is focused externally and action plans are created, converted to goal-directed movements and continuously updated on the basis of relevant feedback, such as pain. Here, we synthesize classical and recent human and animal evidence that the action-mode of the brain is created and maintained by an action-mode network (AMN), which we had previously identified and named the cingulo-opercular network on the basis of its anatomy. We discuss how rather than continuing to name this network anatomically, annotating it functionally as controlling the action-mode of the brain increases its distinctiveness from spatially adjacent networks and accounts for the large variety of the associated functions of an AMN, such as increasing arousal, processing of instructional cues, task general initiation transients, sustained goal maintenance, action planning, sympathetic drive for controlling physiology and internal organs (connectivity to adrenal medulla), and action-relevant bottom–up signals such as physical pain, errors and viscerosensation. In the functional mode continuum of the awake brain, the AMN-generated action-mode sits opposite the default-mode for self-referential, emotional and memory processing, with the default-mode network and AMN counterbalancing each other as yin and yang. The brain enters an action-mode of function during goal-directed behaviour. In this Perspective, Dosenbach, Raiche and Gordon describe “action-mode” as an informative functional label that reduces anatomical network naming confusion, then characterize how the reannotated action-mode network supporting it counterbalances the default mode network.
{"title":"The brain’s action-mode network","authors":"Nico U. F. Dosenbach, Marcus E. Raichle, Evan M. Gordon","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00895-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00895-x","url":null,"abstract":"The brain is always intrinsically active, using energy at high rates while cycling through global functional modes. Awake brain modes are tied to corresponding behavioural states. During goal-directed behaviour, the brain enters an action-mode of function. In the action-mode, arousal is heightened, attention is focused externally and action plans are created, converted to goal-directed movements and continuously updated on the basis of relevant feedback, such as pain. Here, we synthesize classical and recent human and animal evidence that the action-mode of the brain is created and maintained by an action-mode network (AMN), which we had previously identified and named the cingulo-opercular network on the basis of its anatomy. We discuss how rather than continuing to name this network anatomically, annotating it functionally as controlling the action-mode of the brain increases its distinctiveness from spatially adjacent networks and accounts for the large variety of the associated functions of an AMN, such as increasing arousal, processing of instructional cues, task general initiation transients, sustained goal maintenance, action planning, sympathetic drive for controlling physiology and internal organs (connectivity to adrenal medulla), and action-relevant bottom–up signals such as physical pain, errors and viscerosensation. In the functional mode continuum of the awake brain, the AMN-generated action-mode sits opposite the default-mode for self-referential, emotional and memory processing, with the default-mode network and AMN counterbalancing each other as yin and yang. The brain enters an action-mode of function during goal-directed behaviour. In this Perspective, Dosenbach, Raiche and Gordon describe “action-mode” as an informative functional label that reduces anatomical network naming confusion, then characterize how the reannotated action-mode network supporting it counterbalances the default mode network.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"158-168"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00892-0
Ronja Kremer, Anna Williams, Joanna Wardlaw
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a vascular disorder that increases the risk of stroke and dementia and is diagnosed through brain MRI. Current primary prevention and secondary treatment of SVD are focused on lifestyle interventions and vascular risk factor control, including blood pressure reduction. However, these interventions have limited effects, a proportion of individuals with sporadic SVD do not have hypertension, and SVD shows strong familial and genetic underpinnings. Here, we describe the increasing evidence that cerebral endothelial cell dysfunction is a key mechanism of SVD. Dysfunctional endothelial cells can cause cerebral blood vessel dysfunction, alter blood–brain barrier integrity and interfere with cell–cell interactions in the neuro-glial-vascular unit, thereby causing damage to adjacent brain tissue. Endothelial cells in SVD may become dysfunctional through intrinsic mechanisms via genetic vulnerability to SVD and/or via extrinsic factors such as hypertension, smoking and diabetes. Drugs that act on endothelial pathways are already looking promising in clinical trials, and understanding their action on endothelial cells and the surrounding brain may lead to the development of other therapies to limit disease progression and improve outcomes for individuals with SVD. Cerebral small vessel disease is a common cause of dementia and stroke. In this Perspective, Wardlaw and co-workers describe evidence from human brain imaging and preclinical models that points to dysfunction in the endothelial cells that line the walls of cerebral blood vessels as a key driver of small vessel disease.
{"title":"Endothelial cells as key players in cerebral small vessel disease","authors":"Ronja Kremer, Anna Williams, Joanna Wardlaw","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00892-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00892-0","url":null,"abstract":"Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a vascular disorder that increases the risk of stroke and dementia and is diagnosed through brain MRI. Current primary prevention and secondary treatment of SVD are focused on lifestyle interventions and vascular risk factor control, including blood pressure reduction. However, these interventions have limited effects, a proportion of individuals with sporadic SVD do not have hypertension, and SVD shows strong familial and genetic underpinnings. Here, we describe the increasing evidence that cerebral endothelial cell dysfunction is a key mechanism of SVD. Dysfunctional endothelial cells can cause cerebral blood vessel dysfunction, alter blood–brain barrier integrity and interfere with cell–cell interactions in the neuro-glial-vascular unit, thereby causing damage to adjacent brain tissue. Endothelial cells in SVD may become dysfunctional through intrinsic mechanisms via genetic vulnerability to SVD and/or via extrinsic factors such as hypertension, smoking and diabetes. Drugs that act on endothelial pathways are already looking promising in clinical trials, and understanding their action on endothelial cells and the surrounding brain may lead to the development of other therapies to limit disease progression and improve outcomes for individuals with SVD. Cerebral small vessel disease is a common cause of dementia and stroke. In this Perspective, Wardlaw and co-workers describe evidence from human brain imaging and preclinical models that points to dysfunction in the endothelial cells that line the walls of cerebral blood vessels as a key driver of small vessel disease.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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