High‐speed escape jumps in haptophytes: Mechanism and triggering fluid signal

IF 3.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 LIMNOLOGY Limnology and Oceanography Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI:10.1002/lno.12713
Federica Miano, Seyed Saeed Asadzadeh, Fredrik Ryderheim, Anders Andersen, Thomas Kiørboe
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Abstract

Some planktonic organisms can remotely sense and evade predators by powerful escape jumps. Remote perception typically happens through the fluid disturbance generated by the approaching predator or its feeding current. In copepods and ciliates with mechanosensors, the perception and jump mechanisms are well understood. But how some flagellates perceive the fluid disturbance and achieve similar relative speeds with only two flagella is less explored. Here, we examined the ability of three haptophytes, Chrysochromulina simplex, Prymnesium polylepis, and Prymnesium parvum, to sense and evade the fluid disturbance generated by the feeding current of a copepod nauplius. Chrysochromulina simplex has a long haptonema (14 cell diameters), while the haptonema of the two other species are shorter (1 and 0.5 cell diameters). Only C. simplex responded to the fluid disturbance by fleeing at high speeds. The jump mechanism consists of two phases: the rapid coiling of the haptonema that pulls the cell about two cell diameters in the direction of the haptonema, followed by flagellar reversal and high‐speed swimming (70 cell lengths per second) in the opposite direction. We rationalize cell displacements and escape speeds from haptonema and flagellar kinematics and fluid dynamics. Using a microfluidic channel, we demonstrate that the component of the fluid signal that triggers the jumps is the maximum deformation rate rather than the magnitude of deformation. High‐speed escape jumps may be an avoidance mechanism evolved by haptophytes with long and coiling haptonema, while species with shorter haptonema may use other defense mechanisms, such as stealth and toxicity.
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七鳃鳗的高速逃逸跳跃:机制和触发流体信号
一些浮游生物可以通过强有力的逃逸跳跃远程感知和躲避捕食者。远程感知通常是通过接近的捕食者或其摄食水流产生的流体扰动来实现的。在具有机械感应器的桡足类和纤毛虫中,感知和跳跃机制已经非常清楚。但是,一些鞭毛虫如何感知流体扰动,并在只有两根鞭毛的情况下实现类似的相对速度,我们还没有进行深入研究。在这里,我们研究了三种七鳃鳗--单纯栉水母(Chrysochromulina simplex)、多孔栉水母(Prymnesium polylepis)和副栉水母(Prymnesium parvum)--感知和躲避桡足类甲壳动物摄食水流产生的流体扰动的能力。单纯栉水母的合体较长(14 个细胞直径),而其他两个物种的合体较短(1 个和 0.5 个细胞直径)。只有 C. simplex 对流体扰动的反应是高速逃离。跃迁机制由两个阶段组成:快速卷曲的合体将细胞拉向合体方向约两个细胞直径,随后鞭毛反转并向相反方向高速游动(每秒 70 个细胞长度)。我们从突触和鞭毛运动学及流体动力学的角度合理解释了细胞位移和逃逸速度。我们利用微流体通道证明,引发跳跃的流体信号成分是最大变形率而不是变形量。高速逃逸跳跃可能是具有长而卷曲的七鳃鳗进化出的一种回避机制,而具有较短七鳃鳗的物种可能使用其他防御机制,如隐身和毒性。
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来源期刊
Limnology and Oceanography
Limnology and Oceanography 地学-海洋学
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
6.70%
发文量
254
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Limnology and Oceanography (L&O; print ISSN 0024-3590, online ISSN 1939-5590) publishes original articles, including scholarly reviews, about all aspects of limnology and oceanography. The journal''s unifying theme is the understanding of aquatic systems. Submissions are judged on the originality of their data, interpretations, and ideas, and on the degree to which they can be generalized beyond the particular aquatic system examined. Laboratory and modeling studies must demonstrate relevance to field environments; typically this means that they are bolstered by substantial "real-world" data. Few purely theoretical or purely empirical papers are accepted for review.
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