Sarah Pacocha Preheim, Shaina Morris, Yue Zhang, Chris Holder, Keith Arora‐Williams, Paul Gensbigler, Amanda Hinton, Rui Jin, Marie‐Aude Pradal, Morgan Buchanan, Anand Gnanadesikan
While metagenomics can provide insight into microbial community metabolic potential, understanding factors that influence gene abundance is necessary to maximize the information gained from this analysis. Gene abundances are influenced by chemical or physical conditions along with other factors, such as copy number variation between taxa, methodological biases, or issues associated with identification and classification. Here, we identify major drivers of spatiotemporal shifts in microbial gene relative abundance from multiple months, sites, and depths within Chesapeake Bay in 2017 using shotgun metagenomics. We compared changes in relative abundance of key genes for bacterial photosynthesis, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism with each other and measured environmental variables. Major drivers of differences in key metabolic gene abundances are associated with environmental variables that largely change with depth and season (e.g., temperature, oxygen, phosphate). For sulfur oxidation, bacterial photosynthesis, and denitrification, genes within each process are generally significantly correlated with each other and with several environmental variables. For other processes, such as nitrification, nitrogen fixation, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, genes that encode enzymes within the same pathway are not well correlated. The lack of correlation typically results from differences in identified taxa carrying these genes, suggesting modular pathway structure, methodological errors, or discrepancies in gene copy number between taxonomic groups. To be suitable indicators of biogeochemical processes for models, genes or pathways should be strongly correlated with environmental variables and specific to and inclusive of all taxa mediating the associated process.
{"title":"Genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling in an important estuarine ecosystem show coherent shifts in response to changes in environmental conditions","authors":"Sarah Pacocha Preheim, Shaina Morris, Yue Zhang, Chris Holder, Keith Arora‐Williams, Paul Gensbigler, Amanda Hinton, Rui Jin, Marie‐Aude Pradal, Morgan Buchanan, Anand Gnanadesikan","doi":"10.1002/lno.12731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12731","url":null,"abstract":"While metagenomics can provide insight into microbial community metabolic potential, understanding factors that influence gene abundance is necessary to maximize the information gained from this analysis. Gene abundances are influenced by chemical or physical conditions along with other factors, such as copy number variation between taxa, methodological biases, or issues associated with identification and classification. Here, we identify major drivers of spatiotemporal shifts in microbial gene relative abundance from multiple months, sites, and depths within Chesapeake Bay in 2017 using shotgun metagenomics. We compared changes in relative abundance of key genes for bacterial photosynthesis, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism with each other and measured environmental variables. Major drivers of differences in key metabolic gene abundances are associated with environmental variables that largely change with depth and season (e.g., temperature, oxygen, phosphate). For sulfur oxidation, bacterial photosynthesis, and denitrification, genes within each process are generally significantly correlated with each other and with several environmental variables. For other processes, such as nitrification, nitrogen fixation, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, genes that encode enzymes within the same pathway are not well correlated. The lack of correlation typically results from differences in identified taxa carrying these genes, suggesting modular pathway structure, methodological errors, or discrepancies in gene copy number between taxonomic groups. To be suitable indicators of biogeochemical processes for models, genes or pathways should be strongly correlated with environmental variables and specific to and inclusive of all taxa mediating the associated process.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca L. Hale, Sarah E. Godsey, Jenna M. Dohman, Sara R. Warix
Stream dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a globally important carbon flux and a locally important control on stream ecosystems, and therefore understanding controls on stream DOM fluxes and dynamics is crucial at both local and global scales. However, attributing process controls is challenging because both hydrological and biological controls on DOM are integrated and may vary over time and throughout stream networks. Our objective was to assess the patterns and corresponding controls of diel DOM cycles through a seasonal flow recession by using reach‐scale in situ sensors in a non‐perennial stream network. We identified five characteristic diel variations in DOM with differing phase and amplitude. During snowmelt flows, diel variations in DOM were consistent among sites and reflected diel flowpath shifts and photodegradation. Evapotranspiration‐driven diel stage oscillations emerged at two upstream sites, shaping diel DOM patterns indirectly, by creating conditions for instream DOM processing. At a spring‐fed site, minimal diel variation was observed throughout the summer whereas at an intermittent reach, daily drying and rewetting created biogeochemical hot moments. This research demonstrates that controls on DOM vary over time and space, even in close proximity, generating asynchronous fDOM patterns during low flows, illuminating shifts in biogeochemical processes and flowpaths.
溪流溶解有机物（DOM）是全球重要的碳通量，也是对溪流生态系统的局部重要控制，因此了解溪流溶解有机物通量和动态的控制在局部和全球尺度上都至关重要。然而，由于水文和生物对 DOM 的控制是综合的，并且可能随时间和整个溪流网络而变化，因此对过程控制的归因具有挑战性。我们的目标是在一个非常年性溪流网络中，利用可达尺度的原位传感器，通过季节性水流衰退来评估昼夜 DOM 循环的模式和相应的控制。我们确定了 DOM 的五种特征性昼夜变化，其相位和振幅各不相同。在融雪流期间，不同地点 DOM 的昼夜变化是一致的，反映了昼夜流径变化和光降解。两个上游观测点出现了蒸散驱动的昼夜阶段振荡，通过为内流 DOM 处理创造条件，间接影响了昼夜 DOM 模式。在一个泉水哺育的地点，整个夏季的昼夜变化极小，而在一个间歇性河段，每天的干燥和复湿产生了生物地球化学热点。这项研究表明，对 DOM 的控制随着时间和空间的变化而变化，即使是在很近的距离内，也会在低流量时产生不同步的 fDOM 模式，从而揭示生物地球化学过程和水流路径的变化。
{"title":"Diel dissolved organic matter patterns reflect spatiotemporally varying sources and transformations along an intermittent stream","authors":"Rebecca L. Hale, Sarah E. Godsey, Jenna M. Dohman, Sara R. Warix","doi":"10.1002/lno.12695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12695","url":null,"abstract":"Stream dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a globally important carbon flux and a locally important control on stream ecosystems, and therefore understanding controls on stream DOM fluxes and dynamics is crucial at both local and global scales. However, attributing process controls is challenging because both hydrological and biological controls on DOM are integrated and may vary over time and throughout stream networks. Our objective was to assess the patterns and corresponding controls of diel DOM cycles through a seasonal flow recession by using reach‐scale in situ sensors in a non‐perennial stream network. We identified five characteristic diel variations in DOM with differing phase and amplitude. During snowmelt flows, diel variations in DOM were consistent among sites and reflected diel flowpath shifts and photodegradation. Evapotranspiration‐driven diel stage oscillations emerged at two upstream sites, shaping diel DOM patterns indirectly, by creating conditions for instream DOM processing. At a spring‐fed site, minimal diel variation was observed throughout the summer whereas at an intermittent reach, daily drying and rewetting created biogeochemical hot moments. This research demonstrates that controls on DOM vary over time and space, even in close proximity, generating asynchronous fDOM patterns during low flows, illuminating shifts in biogeochemical processes and flowpaths.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian P. V. Hunt, Simone Alin, Allison Bidlack, Heida L. Diefenderfer, Jennifer M. Jackson, Colleen T. E. Kellogg, Peter Kiffney, Kyra A. St. Pierre, Eddy Carmack, William C. Floyd, Eran Hood, Alexander R. Horner‐Devine, Colin Levings, Cristian A. Vargas
Land and ocean ecosystems are strongly connected and mutually interactive. As climate changes and other anthropogenic stressors intensify, the complex pathways that link these systems will strengthen or weaken in ways that are currently beyond reliable prediction. In this review we offer a framework of land–ocean couplings and their role in shaping marine ecosystems in coastal temperate rainforest (CTR) ecoregions, where high freshwater and materials flux result in particularly strong land–ocean connections. Using the largest contiguous expanse of CTR on Earth—the Northeast Pacific CTR (NPCTR)—as a case study, we integrate current understanding of the spatial and temporal scales of interacting processes across the land–ocean continuum, and examine how these processes structure and are defining features of marine ecosystems from nearshore to offshore domains. We look ahead to the potential effects of climate and other anthropogenic changes on the coupled land–ocean meta‐ecosystem. Finally, we review key data gaps and provide research recommendations for an integrated, transdisciplinary approach with the intent to guide future evaluations of and management recommendations for ongoing impacts to marine ecosystems of the NPCTR and other CTRs globally. In the light of extreme events including heatwaves, fire, and flooding, which are occurring almost annually, this integrative agenda is not only necessary but urgent.
{"title":"Advancing an integrated understanding of land–ocean connections in shaping the marine ecosystems of coastal temperate rainforest ecoregions","authors":"Brian P. V. Hunt, Simone Alin, Allison Bidlack, Heida L. Diefenderfer, Jennifer M. Jackson, Colleen T. E. Kellogg, Peter Kiffney, Kyra A. St. Pierre, Eddy Carmack, William C. Floyd, Eran Hood, Alexander R. Horner‐Devine, Colin Levings, Cristian A. Vargas","doi":"10.1002/lno.12724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12724","url":null,"abstract":"Land and ocean ecosystems are strongly connected and mutually interactive. As climate changes and other anthropogenic stressors intensify, the complex pathways that link these systems will strengthen or weaken in ways that are currently beyond reliable prediction. In this review we offer a framework of land–ocean couplings and their role in shaping marine ecosystems in coastal temperate rainforest (CTR) ecoregions, where high freshwater and materials flux result in particularly strong land–ocean connections. Using the largest contiguous expanse of CTR on Earth—the Northeast Pacific CTR (NPCTR)—as a case study, we integrate current understanding of the spatial and temporal scales of interacting processes across the land–ocean continuum, and examine how these processes structure and are defining features of marine ecosystems from nearshore to offshore domains. We look ahead to the potential effects of climate and other anthropogenic changes on the coupled land–ocean meta‐ecosystem. Finally, we review key data gaps and provide research recommendations for an integrated, transdisciplinary approach with the intent to guide future evaluations of and management recommendations for ongoing impacts to marine ecosystems of the NPCTR and other CTRs globally. In the light of extreme events including heatwaves, fire, and flooding, which are occurring almost annually, this integrative agenda is not only necessary but urgent.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia C. Mullarney, Josef Daniel Ackerman, Steeve Comeau, Mimi A. R. Koehl, Elisa Schaum, Rafael O. Tinoco, Danielle J. Wain, Hidekatsu Yamazaki
{"title":"Life in turbulent waters: unsteady biota–flow interactions across scales","authors":"Julia C. Mullarney, Josef Daniel Ackerman, Steeve Comeau, Mimi A. R. Koehl, Elisa Schaum, Rafael O. Tinoco, Danielle J. Wain, Hidekatsu Yamazaki","doi":"10.1002/lno.12732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12732","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dissolved oxygen (DO) in the bottom layer is essential for benthic organisms, and its temporal variations are widely concerned. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the long‐term variations of bottom DO, leaving its high‐frequency (HF) dynamics inadequately understood. This study addresses this gap by utilizing two seafloor monitoring systems that provide 3‐year‐long HF records in a typical temperate shelf sea, the Bohai Sea, China. During the stratified period each year, bottom DO exhibits notable HF fluctuations superimposed on its seasonal cycle. These HF signals originate from tide‐induced vertical mixing, showing peaks at various tidal frequencies. Notably, significant shallow‐water tidal signals are observed in bottom DO due to the frequency doubling of semi‐diurnal and diurnal tidal currents. Moreover, bottom DO demonstrates strongly asymmetric responses to tidal mixing on HF time scales. To be specific, the bottom DO increases with the intensity of tidal mixing, with this process being exceptionally rapid under conditions of weak tidal mixing. The underlying cause of this asymmetry is the markedly stronger vertical DO gradient near the seabed due to sediment oxygen demand. A process‐oriented biological model successfully reproduced observational features, further supporting our theoretical inference. These findings highlight the joint role of tidal mixing and sediment oxygen demand in modulating the HF dynamics of bottom DO in temperate shelf seas, underscoring their significance for the refined prediction of bottom DO in the future.
{"title":"High‐frequency dynamics of bottom dissolved oxygen in temperate shelf seas: The joint role of tidal mixing and sediment oxygen demand","authors":"Wenfan Wu, Changyuan Song, Yicheng Chen, Fangguo Zhai, Zizhou Liu, Cong Liu, Yanzhen Gu, Peiliang Li","doi":"10.1002/lno.12733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12733","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved oxygen (DO) in the bottom layer is essential for benthic organisms, and its temporal variations are widely concerned. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the long‐term variations of bottom DO, leaving its high‐frequency (HF) dynamics inadequately understood. This study addresses this gap by utilizing two seafloor monitoring systems that provide 3‐year‐long HF records in a typical temperate shelf sea, the Bohai Sea, China. During the stratified period each year, bottom DO exhibits notable HF fluctuations superimposed on its seasonal cycle. These HF signals originate from tide‐induced vertical mixing, showing peaks at various tidal frequencies. Notably, significant shallow‐water tidal signals are observed in bottom DO due to the frequency doubling of semi‐diurnal and diurnal tidal currents. Moreover, bottom DO demonstrates strongly asymmetric responses to tidal mixing on HF time scales. To be specific, the bottom DO increases with the intensity of tidal mixing, with this process being exceptionally rapid under conditions of weak tidal mixing. The underlying cause of this asymmetry is the markedly stronger vertical DO gradient near the seabed due to sediment oxygen demand. A process‐oriented biological model successfully reproduced observational features, further supporting our theoretical inference. These findings highlight the joint role of tidal mixing and sediment oxygen demand in modulating the HF dynamics of bottom DO in temperate shelf seas, underscoring their significance for the refined prediction of bottom DO in the future.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dormant life stages of freshwater zooplankton are generally resistant to environmental exposure, and this facilitates their overland dispersal. However, environmental exposure and overland dispersal are less well studied for the active life stages of freshwater zooplankton. To characterize empirically the longevity of active life stages out of water, survival time to air exposure was measured in the laboratory for seven cladoceran species using heartbeat cessation to signify survival time. Survival time increased with body dry weight with an allometric scaling exponent near 2/3 in both a single‐species model with Daphnia mendotae and a multispecies model with five bivalved species that included Bosmina longirostris, Acroperus harpae, Ceriodaphnia dubia, D. mendotae, and Daphnia magna. The 2/3 scaling exponent is consistent with Euclidean geometry and points to water loss across the surface of a spherical body as the cause. Survival time of a 6th species, Holopedium gibberum, was 618% longer than predictions based on the multispecies model, likely due to its gelatinous mantle. Survival time of a 7th species, Bythotrephes cederströmii, was 58–83% shorter than predictions based on the multispecies model, likely due to its lack of a bivalve carapace. The longest survival time of an individual was 225.4 min (H. gibberum). Results suggest that at landscape scales, body size could be a proxy for the geographic extent of overland dispersal capacity of the active life stage.
{"title":"Exposure, body size, and zooplankton overland dispersal capacity","authors":"Donn K. Branstrator, Rebecca A. Smith","doi":"10.1002/lno.12735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12735","url":null,"abstract":"The dormant life stages of freshwater zooplankton are generally resistant to environmental exposure, and this facilitates their overland dispersal. However, environmental exposure and overland dispersal are less well studied for the active life stages of freshwater zooplankton. To characterize empirically the longevity of active life stages out of water, survival time to air exposure was measured in the laboratory for seven cladoceran species using heartbeat cessation to signify survival time. Survival time increased with body dry weight with an allometric scaling exponent near 2/3 in both a single‐species model with <jats:italic>Daphnia mendotae</jats:italic> and a multispecies model with five bivalved species that included <jats:italic>Bosmina longirostris</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Acroperus harpae</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ceriodaphnia dubia</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>D. mendotae</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Daphnia magna</jats:italic>. The 2/3 scaling exponent is consistent with Euclidean geometry and points to water loss across the surface of a spherical body as the cause. Survival time of a 6<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> species, <jats:italic>Holopedium gibberum</jats:italic>, was 618% longer than predictions based on the multispecies model, likely due to its gelatinous mantle. Survival time of a 7<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> species, <jats:italic>Bythotrephes cederströmii</jats:italic>, was 58–83% shorter than predictions based on the multispecies model, likely due to its lack of a bivalve carapace. The longest survival time of an individual was 225.4 min (<jats:italic>H. gibberum</jats:italic>). Results suggest that at landscape scales, body size could be a proxy for the geographic extent of overland dispersal capacity of the active life stage.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Information & Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/lno.12136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"68 9","pages":"i"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lno.12136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50143908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Information & Members","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/lno.12135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"68 9","pages":"iv"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lno.12135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50144556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Information & Copyright","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/lno.12137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"68 9","pages":"ii"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lno.12137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50144554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Information & TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/lno.12138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"68 9","pages":"iii"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lno.12138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50144555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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