A mitochondria-targeted nitric oxide probe with large Stokes shift for real-time imaging and evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease in situ

Abstract

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a prevalent inflammatory disorder, and the abnormal expression of nitric oxide (NO) produced by biocatalysis of iNOS enzyme in mitochondria is directly associated with the occurrence and progression of IBD. Activatable fluorescent probes offer promising tools for early diagnosis of IBD, however, inadequate biodistribution and limited targeting properties of these probes in vivo severely impede accurate diagnosis of IBD and real-time evaluation of inflammatory levels in situ. Therefore, it is necessary to design a highly efficient fluorescent probe towards NO to overcome inadequate biodistribution and achieve accurate diagnosis and evaluation of IBD in situ.

Results

We designed a highly efficient mitochondria-targeted “turn-on” NIR fluorescent probe Cy-OMe which has excellent targeting properties and imaging ability. The response mechanism is probe Cy-OMe rapidly undergoes N-nitrosation reaction resulting in “turn-on” NIR fluorescence signal when exposed to NO. Cy-OMe exhibits high sensitivity and specificity in detecting NO content in vitro, owing to its large Stokes shift. Furthermore, the probe Cy-OMe not only efficiently targets mitochondria but also enables precise assessment of fluctuations in endogenous NO concertation across various cell types. Importantly, by virtue of large Stokes shift and excellent mitochondrial targeting ability, Cy-OMe has the capability to specifically evaluate dynamic fluctuations of NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated IBD mouse models in situ and Cy-OMe was achieved high-contrast imaging and precision diagnosis of intestinal inflammation diseases.

Significance

Cy-OMe can accurately assess fluctuations in NO levels and show high signal fidelity in the diseased intestine region, which has prospects in the non-invasive diagnosis of intestinal inflammation in vivo. At the same time, it is expected to serve as a potential diagnose platform for investigating the physiological processes underlying NO-related inflammatory diseases and promoting understanding of the pathological functions of NO across diverse inflammatory diseases.