Portable alkaloid discrimination via nanozyme-mediated colorimetric paper-based sensor array integrated with smartphone detection

Abstract

A paper-based colorimetric sensor array mediated by a novel nanozyme (CuCo₂O₄) was developed using a screen-printing technology. The aim was to facilitate the identification of different kinds of alkaloids. Typically, three chromogenic substrates (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and o-phenylenediamine) were selected as sensing elements, which can be catalyzed by a CuCo₂O₄ nanozyme with peroxidase-like activity to yield corresponding oxidized products, thereby inducing color changes. Owing to the varying inhibitory ability of different alkaloids on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a decrease in choline (Ch) concentration occurs and subsequently results in the restoration of color within the units of sensor array. Color data can be transformed into hue information with a smartphone. The above color variations generated a unique “fingerprint” pattern on five alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, eserine, and harmane), which can be successfully discriminated through linear discriminant analysis in the range 0.2 to 20 µM. Furthermore, the sensor arrays allowed successful discrimination of the above five alkaloids in Chinese herbal medicine samples and recognition of 22 blind samples. This work presents a novel nanozyme-based paper sensor array, which is a user-friendly and reliable platform for probing different alkaloids. In addition, the developed sensing strategy enables the identification of AChE-related diseases, positively contributing to the screening available of AD-associated drugs.

Graphical abstract