Turn-off fluorescent nanoprobe based on carbon dots synthesised by UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation for the detection of bisphenol A in canned foods

Abstract

A novel assay was developed based on a turn-off fluorescent probe using the in situ generation of carbon dots (CDs) by means of UV/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation of carbohydrates for the detection of bisphenol A (BPA) in food. Different parameters involved in the synthesis of CDs for the direct recognition of BPA have been optimised and a sensing mechanism is outlined. The presence of H₂O₂ during CD synthesis causes a fluorescence enhancement due to the action of highly oxidant HO^· radicals formed throughout the photochemical reaction. Phenolic compounds such as BPA can be easily degraded by the UV/H₂O₂ oxidation process, acting as a HO^· free radical scavengers. This results in a decrease in the fluorescence that can be related to the BPA concentration. Under optimal conditions, a detection limit of 15 µg/kg of BPA and a quantification limit of 46 µg/kg of BPA in food samples were obtained. The repeatability and reproducibility, expressed as relative standard deviation and obtained for two concentration levels (30 µg/kg and 200 µg/kg, n = 5), were less than 2.0% and 6.4%, respectively. The proposed procedure was applied to the analysis of five samples of canned foods (sweet corn, peas, mushrooms, cockles and natural tuna), obtaining concentrations in the range 29.8–49.9 µg/kg of sample. Recovery studies were conducted at two concentration levels (100 and 400 µg BPA/kg of sample), resulting in recoveries in the range 99–101%. Method validation against two certified reference materials was also successfully performed. The experimental results demonstrate that the novel approach is suitable for the detection and quantification of BPA in canned foods.

Graphical Abstract