Assessment of Nuclear Fusion Reaction Spontaneity via Engineering Thermodynamics.

IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Entropy Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI:10.3390/e26100884
Silvano Tosti
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Abstract

This work recalls the basic thermodynamics of chemical processes for introducing the evaluation of the nuclear reactions' spontaneity. The application and definition of the thermodynamic state functions of the nuclear processes have been described by focusing on their contribution to the chemical potential. The variation of the nuclear binding potentials involved in a nuclear reaction affects the chemical potential through a modification of the internal energy and of the other state functions. These energy changes are related to the mass defect between reactants and products of the nuclear reaction and are of the order of magnitude of 1 MeV per particle, about six orders of magnitude larger than those of the chemical reactions. In particular, this work assesses the Gibbs free energy change of the fusion reactions by assuming the Qvalue as the nuclear contribution to the chemical potential and by calculating the entropy through the Sackur-Tetrode expression. Then, the role of the entropy in fusion processes was re-examined by demonstrating the previous spontaneity analyses, which assume a perfect gas of DT atoms in the initial state of the fusion reactions, are conservative and lead to assessing more negative ΔG than in the real case (ionized gas). As a final point, this paper examines the thermodynamic spontaneity of exothermic processes with a negative change of entropy and discusses the different thermodynamic spontaneity exhibited by the DT fusion processes when conducted in a controlled or uncontrolled way.

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通过工程热力学评估核聚变反应的自发性。
这项工作回顾了化学过程的基本热力学,以介绍对核反应自发性的评估。核反应过程热力学状态函数的应用和定义是通过对化学势的贡献来描述的。核反应所涉及的核结合势的变化通过改变内能和其他状态函数来影响化学势。这些能量变化与核反应中反应物和生成物之间的质量缺陷有关,每个粒子的变化量级为 1 MeV,比化学反应的变化量级大约大六个数量级。特别是,这项工作通过假定 Q 值为化学势的核贡献,并通过萨库尔-特罗德表达式计算熵,评估了聚变反应的吉布斯自由能变化。然后,通过证明之前的自发性分析(假定核聚变反应初始状态为 DT 原子的完美气体)是保守的,并导致评估出比实际情况(电离气体)更负的 ΔG,重新审视了熵在核聚变过程中的作用。最后,本文研究了熵变为负值的放热过程的热力学自发性,并讨论了 DT 核聚变过程在受控和不受控情况下表现出的不同热力学自发性。
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来源期刊
Entropy
Entropy PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
4.90
自引率
11.10%
发文量
1580
审稿时长
21.05 days
期刊介绍: Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300), an international and interdisciplinary journal of entropy and information studies, publishes reviews, regular research papers and short notes. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish as much as possible their theoretical and experimental details. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. If there are computation and the experiment, the details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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