Nerol as a Novel Antifungal Agent: In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and Valsa mali and Its Potential Mechanisms against F. oxysporum.

IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Journal of Fungi Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI:10.3390/jof10100699
Jingyu Ji, Weihu Ma, Jiyuan An, Bowen Zhang, Wenzhuo Sun, Guocai Zhang
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Abstract

This study explores the in vitro antifungal effects of nerol, a linear acyclic monoterpene alcohol of plant origin, on Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and Valsa mali. To further investigate the antifungal mechanism of nerol against F. oxysporum, we examined changes in mycelial morphology and cell membrane integrity-related indices, as well as the activities of antioxidant and pathogenicity-related enzymes. The results demonstrated that nerol exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibition of mycelial growth in all three fungi, with EC50 values of 0.46 μL/mL for F. oxysporum, 1.81 μL/mL for P. neglecta, and 1.26 μL/mL for V. mali, with the strongest antifungal activity observed against F. oxysporum. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that nerol severely disrupted the mycelial structure of F. oxysporum, causing deformation, swelling, and even rupture. Treatment with 0.04 μL/mL nerol led to significant leakage of soluble proteins and intracellular ions in F. oxysporum, and the Na+/K+-ATPase activity was reduced to 28.02% of the control, indicating enhanced membrane permeability. The elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, along with propidium iodide staining of treated microconidia, further confirmed cell membrane disruption caused by nerol. Additionally, after 12 h of exposure to 0.04 μL/mL nerol, the activity of superoxide dismutase in F. oxysporum decreased to 55.81% of the control, and the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also significantly inhibited. Nerol markedly reduced the activities of pathogenicity-related enzymes, such as endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase, affecting fungal growth and virulence. In conclusion, nerol disrupts the cell membrane integrity and permeability of F. oxysporum, reduces its virulence, and ultimately inhibits fungal growth, highlighting its potential as an alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling F. oxysporum.

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作为新型抗真菌剂的橙花醇:对镰孢菌、Pestalotiopsis neglecta 和 Valsa mali 的体外抑制作用及其对抗镰孢菌的潜在机制。
本研究探讨了橙花醇(一种源于植物的线性无环单萜醇)对镰孢菌、Pestalotiopsis neglecta 和 Valsa mali 的体外抗真菌作用。为了进一步研究橙花醇对镰孢菌的抗真菌机制,我们考察了菌丝形态和细胞膜完整性相关指标的变化,以及抗氧化和致病相关酶的活性。结果表明,橙花醇对所有三种真菌的菌丝生长都有显著的浓度依赖性抑制作用,对 F. oxysporum 的 EC50 值为 0.46 μL/mL,对 P. neglecta 的 EC50 值为 1.81 μL/mL,对 V. mali 的 EC50 值为 1.26 μL/mL,其中对 F. oxysporum 的抗真菌活性最强。扫描电子显微镜显示,橙花醇严重破坏了 F. oxysporum 的菌丝结构,导致其变形、肿胀甚至破裂。用 0.04 μL/mL 橙花醇处理后,氧孢子菌体内的可溶性蛋白质和细胞内离子大量泄漏,Na+/K+-ATPase 活性降低到对照组的 28.02%,表明膜渗透性增强。过氧化氢和丙二醛水平的升高,以及碘化丙啶对处理过的微囊藻的染色,进一步证实了橙花醇造成的细胞膜破坏。此外,在接触 0.04 μL/mL 橙花醇 12 小时后,F. oxysporum 中超氧化物歧化酶的活性下降到对照的 55.81%,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性也受到显著抑制。橙花醇明显降低了内-1,4-β-D-葡聚糖酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶裂解酶等致病性相关酶的活性,影响了真菌的生长和毒力。总之,橙花素能破坏草孢子菌细胞膜的完整性和渗透性,降低其毒力,并最终抑制真菌生长,突出了其作为化学杀菌剂替代品控制草孢子菌的潜力。
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来源期刊
Journal of Fungi
Journal of Fungi Medicine-Microbiology (medical)
CiteScore
6.70
自引率
14.90%
发文量
1151
审稿时长
11 weeks
期刊介绍: Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X) is an international, peer-reviewed scientific open access journal that provides an advanced forum for studies related to pathogenic fungi, fungal biology, and all other aspects of fungal research. The journal publishes reviews, regular research papers, and communications in quarterly issues. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. Therefore, there is no restriction on paper length. Full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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