Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry of Woodpecker Tail Muscles

IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Journal of Morphology Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI:10.1002/jmor.70003
Kyle Spainhower, Ron A. Meyers
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Abstract

Woodpeckers (Order Piciformes) belong to a group of birds characterized by their hammering capabilities in which the bill is utilized as a tool to probe for food and to excavate nest cavities. They have numerous specializations for this behavior, including their bill and tongue, feet for gripping vertical tree trunks, and tail feathers with thickened shafts to provide stability as a postural appendage. We hypothesized that (1) woodpecker tail musculature is also modified for clinging behaviors with a heterogeneous distribution of fast and slow muscle fibers, and that (2) the tree-trunk foraging Hairy Woodpeckers would have more slow muscle fibers in their M. depressor caudae than Northern Flickers, which forage on the ground where they probe the substrate for insects. We performed immunohistochemistry to identify the fiber type distributions for tail muscles Mm. caudofemoralis pars caudalis, lateralis caudae, levator caudae, and depressor caudae in four Hairy Woodpeckers and five Northern Flickers. Our results show that these tail muscles in the two woodpecker species are comprised of a majority of fast muscle fibers common among dynamic locomotor muscles. Interestingly, we report a functionally-significant distribution of slow muscle fibers in M. depressor caudae predicted to be utilized in propping of the tail during tree climbing and support. Further, we found more slow fibers (13.80% ± 4.49%) in the trunk-foraging Hairy Woodpeckers compared with the ground-foraging Northern Flicker (7.40% ± 4.95%), which we interpret to be related to the trunk-foraging habits of Hairy Woodpeckers.

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啄木鸟尾部肌肉的解剖和免疫组化。
啄木鸟(鴷形目)属于鸟类的一种,其特点是具有锤击能力,利用喙作为工具探测食物和挖掘巢穴。它们的喙和舌头、用于抓握垂直树干的脚以及带有加粗轴以提供稳定性的尾羽等众多特化特征都是为了这种行为。我们假设:(1)啄木鸟尾部的肌肉组织也会因粘附行为而发生变化,快慢肌纤维分布不均;(2)在树干上觅食的毛啄木鸟尾部的慢肌纤维会比在地面上觅食的北弹啄木鸟多,因为后者会在地面上探寻昆虫。我们用免疫组织化学方法鉴定了四只毛啄木鸟和五只北飞鴷尾部肌肉尾骨旁肌、尾骨侧肌、尾骨上提肌和尾骨下压肌的纤维类型分布。我们的研究结果表明,这两种啄木鸟的这些尾部肌肉大多由动态运动肌肉中常见的快速肌纤维组成。有趣的是,我们报告了啄木鸟尾部下压肌中慢速肌纤维的显著功能分布,据预测,慢速肌纤维在爬树和支撑时可用于支撑尾部。此外,与在地面觅食的北椋鸟(7.40% ± 4.95%)相比,我们发现在躯干觅食的毛啄木鸟体内有更多的慢肌纤维(13.80% ± 4.49%),我们认为这与毛啄木鸟在躯干觅食的习性有关。
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来源期刊
Journal of Morphology
Journal of Morphology 医学-解剖学与形态学
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
6.70%
发文量
119
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Morphology welcomes articles of original research in cytology, protozoology, embryology, and general morphology. Articles generally should not exceed 35 printed pages. Preliminary notices or articles of a purely descriptive morphological or taxonomic nature are not included. No paper which has already been published will be accepted, nor will simultaneous publications elsewhere be allowed. The Journal of Morphology publishes research in functional, comparative, evolutionary and developmental morphology from vertebrates and invertebrates. Human and veterinary anatomy or paleontology are considered when an explicit connection to neontological animal morphology is presented, and the paper contains relevant information for the community of animal morphologists. Based on our long tradition, we continue to seek publishing the best papers in animal morphology.
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