Prevalence and Extent of Industry Funding to Program Directors Across Pediatric Surgical Specialties

Abstract

Introduction

Industry funding in surgical education offers benefits but presents conflicts of interest. This study defines the prevalence and extent of industry funding to fellowship program directors (FPDs) across pediatric surgical specialties.

Materials and methods

This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of FPDs in pediatric surgical specialties. Data were amalgamated from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Characteristics of FPDs were obtained from academic websites and medical licensing boards. Personal industry payments from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed, and temporal trends were elucidated. Comparisons were made by year, surgical specialty, and control groups with nonparametric tests.

Results

A total of 241 FPDs were identified, with 206 (85%) receiving industry payments over the study period. The specialties with the highest prevalence of industry funding to FPDs were pediatric orthopedic surgery (100%), pediatric urology (96%), and pediatric surgery (85%). Total industry payments aggregated to $7.3 million dollars with the majority awarded to pediatric orthopedic surgery (91%). Most industry payments were for royalties or licensing (57%) and consulting fees (31%). Median total industry payments per FPD differed between subspecialties (P < 0.001) and was highest in pediatric orthopedic surgery ($7009, interquartile range [IQR], $1771-$50,239) and lowest in pediatric otolaryngology ($116, IQR, $75-$1626). Male FPDs had higher median total industry payments than female FPDs ($1643, IQR, $172-$8731 versus $193, IQR, $84-$712, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Industry payments to FPDs in pediatric surgical specialties are highly prevalent, but the magnitude varies by specialty. Future work is needed to establish mechanisms that promote equitable partnerships between academia and industry for pediatric surgery training.