Misrepresentation of MDMA in the United States, 1999–2023

IF 3.9 2区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Drug and alcohol dependence Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112467
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Abstract

Background and aims

The misrepresentation of illicit drugs in unregulated markets increases the risk of adverse health events. This study analyzed drug checking data to compare represented, expected, and actual content of alleged MDMA samples, estimate trends in the quality of the MDMA supply, document the presence of adulterants, compare patterns of adulteration, and validate drug checking against law enforcement data.

Method

The study analyzed 4719 alleged MDMA samples submitted to the DrugsData drug checking service between 1999–2023. Measures captured characteristics and quality of the MDMA supply, including represented content, expected and actual content, sample form, and specific adulterants. Tests of association were conducted using Pearson’s chi-square or Spearman’s rho, and tests for trends were performed using joinpoint regression.

Finding

Most samples (75 %) were expected to contain MDMA, but this varied significantly by represented content (p<0.001). About half the samples (48 %) contained MDMA-only, which also varied significantly by represented content (p<0.001). MDMA-only prevalence declined from 1999–2009 (57.4–15.2 %, p<0.05), recovered from 2009–2017 (15.2–56.0 %, p<0.05), and increased more moderately from 2017–2023 (56.0–74.1 %, p<0.05). Overall, 199 unique adulterants were detected in the MDMA supply across 25 years. We confirmed robust correlations in adulterant prevalence trends between drug checking and law enforcement seizure data.

Conclusions

While users typically expected alleged MDMA samples to contain only MDMA, more than half of the submitted MDMA samples were misrepresented in some manner. Despite high levels of misrepresentation, MDMA quality has stabilized at relatively high levels in recent years
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1999-2023 年美国对摇头丸的误导。
背景和目的:非法药物在不受监管的市场上的虚假陈述增加了发生不良健康事件的风险。本研究分析了毒品检查数据,以比较声称的亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺样本的代表含量、预期含量和实际含量,估计亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺供应质量的趋势,记录掺假物的存在,比较掺假模式,并根据执法数据验证毒品检查结果:本研究分析了 1999-2023 年间提交给 DrugsData 药物检查服务的 4719 份声称的摇头丸样本。研究措施捕捉了亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺供应的特征和质量,包括代表含量、预期和实际含量、样本形式和特定掺杂物。使用皮尔逊卡方或斯皮尔曼rho进行关联检验,使用连接点回归进行趋势检验:大多数样品(75%)被认为含有亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺,但不同含量的样品之间存在显著差异(p 结论:虽然用户通常认为所称的摇头丸样品只含有摇头丸,但提交的摇头丸样品中有一半以上以某种方式被歪曲。尽管存在大量虚假陈述,但近年来亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺的质量已稳定在相对较高的水平。
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来源期刊
Drug and alcohol dependence
Drug and alcohol dependence 医学-精神病学
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
7.10%
发文量
409
审稿时长
41 days
期刊介绍: Drug and Alcohol Dependence is an international journal devoted to publishing original research, scholarly reviews, commentaries, and policy analyses in the area of drug, alcohol and tobacco use and dependence. Articles range from studies of the chemistry of substances of abuse, their actions at molecular and cellular sites, in vitro and in vivo investigations of their biochemical, pharmacological and behavioural actions, laboratory-based and clinical research in humans, substance abuse treatment and prevention research, and studies employing methods from epidemiology, sociology, and economics.
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