Presence of N, N'-Substituted p-Phenylenediamine-Derived Quinones in Human Urine.

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Toxics Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI:10.3390/toxics12100733

Juxiu Huang, Hangbiao Jin, Yingying Zhu, Ruyue Guo, Lisha Zhou, Xiaoyu Wu

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Abstract

Human exposure to various N,N'-substituted p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones (PPDQs) has been of increasing concern. Recent studies have examined N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine-derived quinone (6PPDQ) in human urine to evaluate human exposure. However, other PPDQs in human urine have not been thoroughly investigated. This study analyzed six PPDQs in urine collected from 149 healthy individuals in Taizhou, China. All target PPDQs were detected, with 6PPDQ (mean 2.4 ng/mL, p = 0.013) and 2,5-bis(o-tolylamino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (mean 1.1 vs. 0.62 ng/mL; p = 0.027) were significantly higher in females compared to males. For CPPDQ (p < 0.01) and 6PPDQ (p < 0.01), a decrease was observed in urinary concentrations as participants aged. The daily excretion (DE) of PPDQs through urine was estimated for Chinese adults. The highest average DE was recorded for 6PPDQ at 81 ng/kg-bw/day, with a range from <0.5 to 475 ng/kg-bw/day. Following this, CPPDQ had a mean DE of 68 ng/kg-bw/day (range <0.5-516 ng/kg-bw/day), and 77PDQ had a mean DE of 30 ng/kg-bw/day (<0.5-481 ng/kg-bw/day). This study is the first to explore the presence of various PPDQs in human urinary samples, which is essential for assessing the potential health risks associated with these substances.

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人体尿液中存在 N，N'-取代对苯二胺衍生的醌类物质

人类暴露于各种 N,N'-取代对苯二胺衍生醌（PPDQ）的情况日益受到关注。最近的研究对人体尿液中的 N-苯基-N'-（1,3-二甲基丁基）-对苯二胺衍生醌（6PPDQ）进行了检测，以评估人体接触情况。然而，尚未对人体尿液中的其他 PPDQ 进行深入研究。本研究分析了中国台州 149 名健康人尿液中的六种 PPDQ。所有目标 PPDQ 均被检测到，其中女性尿液中的 6PPDQ（平均值为 2.4 ng/mL，p = 0.013）和 2,5-双（邻甲苯氨基）环己-2,5-二烯-1,4-二酮（平均值为 1.1 与 0.62 ng/mL；p = 0.027）明显高于男性。对于 CPPDQ（p < 0.01）和 6PPDQ（p < 0.01），随着参与者年龄的增长，尿液中的浓度会有所下降。对中国成年人每天通过尿液排出的 PPDQ 进行了估算。6PPDQ的平均排泄量最高，为81纳克/千克体重/天，范围从

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来源期刊

Toxics Chemical Engineering-Chemical Health and Safety

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

10.90%

发文量

681

审稿时长

6 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal accepts papers describing work that furthers our understanding of the exposure, effects, and risks of chemicals and materials in humans and the natural environment as well as approaches to assess and/or manage the toxicological and ecotoxicological risks of chemicals and materials. The journal covers a wide range of toxic substances, including metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, biocides, nanomaterials, and polymers such as micro- and mesoplastics. Toxics accepts papers covering: The occurrence, transport, and fate of chemicals and materials in different systems (e.g., food, air, water, soil); Exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials as well as modelling and experimental approaches for characterizing the exposure in, e.g., water, air, soil, food, and consumer products; Uptake, metabolism, and effects of chemicals and materials in a wide range of systems including in-vitro toxicological assays, aquatic and terrestrial organisms and ecosystems, model mammalian systems, and humans; Approaches to assess the risks of chemicals and materials to humans and the environment; Methodologies to eliminate or reduce the exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials.