Exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) has been found to elicit a range of detrimental effects on human health. However, limited research has investigated the impact of PFAAs on immunity and immune disorders such as Sjogren's syndrome, with existing studies yielding inconsistent results. This study was conducted in Hangzhou, China, with an initial cohort comprising 156 healthy individuals and 162 patients diagnosed with Sjogren's syndrome. We quantified serum levels of PFAAs and examined associations between PFAAs and both susceptibilities to the development of Sjogren's syndrome and immune marker concentrations. Nine PFAAs were frequently detected in the serum, with perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) exhibiting the highest concentration, followed by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Exposure to PFOA and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA) was inversely associated with the disease. Furthermore, a negative correlation between PFOA and C-reactive protein (CRP) was observed. These findings suggest that exposure to specific PFAAs may impact the immune system and potentially influence the development of Sjogren's syndrome.
{"title":"Relationship Between Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Human Serum and Sjogren's Syndrome: A Case-Control Study of Populations in Hangzhou, China.","authors":"Yun Zhao, Shetuan Hu, Hangbiao Jin, Chuanbing Fan, Kaizhen Liao, Songzhao Zhang, Jing Xue","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) has been found to elicit a range of detrimental effects on human health. However, limited research has investigated the impact of PFAAs on immunity and immune disorders such as Sjogren's syndrome, with existing studies yielding inconsistent results. This study was conducted in Hangzhou, China, with an initial cohort comprising 156 healthy individuals and 162 patients diagnosed with Sjogren's syndrome. We quantified serum levels of PFAAs and examined associations between PFAAs and both susceptibilities to the development of Sjogren's syndrome and immune marker concentrations. Nine PFAAs were frequently detected in the serum, with perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) exhibiting the highest concentration, followed by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Exposure to PFOA and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA) was inversely associated with the disease. Furthermore, a negative correlation between PFOA and C-reactive protein (CRP) was observed. These findings suggest that exposure to specific PFAAs may impact the immune system and potentially influence the development of Sjogren's syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huicheng Xie, Yikang Fu, Degang Fu, Dengfeng Lin, Huimin Zhou, Guilong Fu, Hui Li, Jinxin Liu, Xiuguo Zheng, Kun Li
In this study, the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) stress on physiological parameters, as well as the uptake and removal of 2,4-DNP in Salix matsudana, were investigated using hydroponic simulation experiments to explore the potential of the use of Salix matsudana in the phytoremediation of wastewater polluted by 2,4-DNP. The results showed that PN (net photosynthetic rate), Tr (transpiration rate), Gs (stomatal conductance), Ls (stomatal limitation value), Fv/Fm (maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry), and qp (photochemical quenching coefficient) of Salix matsudana seedlings showed an overall decreasing trend, while Ci (intercellular CO2 concentration) showed an increasing trend with the increase in 2,4-DNP concentration. The net photosynthetic rate and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration showed an opposite trend in the leaves with the increase in 2,4-DNP stress concentration, and the inhibition of net photosynthesis by 2,4-DNP on Salix matsudana seedlings was mainly based on non-stomatal factors. In the 15 d incubation experiment, the values of SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase), and CAT (catalase) indexes were higher at low concentrations of 2,4-DNP stress, and all three enzymes reached their maximum values at 10 mg L-1 of 2,4-DNP and then decreased. Salix matsudana seedlings could tolerate 2,4-DNP stress well, which did not exceed 20 mg L-1. The toxicity of 2,4-DNP solution was significantly reduced after purification by Salix matsudana seedlings. The removal rate of 2,4-DNP was higher than 80% in each treatment group by Salix matsudana purified after 15 days. When the concentration of 2,4-DNP reached 20 mg L-1, the contents of MDA (malonicdialdehyde) were 55.62 mmol g-1, and the values of REC (relative conductivity) and LD (leaf damage) were 63.51% and 59.93%, respectively. The structure and function of the cell membrane in leaves were seriously damaged. With the increase in 2,4-DNP concentration, the removal of 2,4-DNP by Salix matsudana seedlings showed a decreasing trend. When the 2,4-DNP concentration was 5 mg L-1, the highest removal rate of 2,4-DNP by Salix matsudana seedlings was 95.98%, while when the 2,4-DNP concentration was 20 mg L-1, the highest removal rate was 86.76%. It is noted that the suitable, recommended concentration for the phytoremediation of 2,4-DNP contamination by Salix matsudana seedlings is between 8.81 and 13.78 mg L-1.
{"title":"The Physiological Response of <i>Salix matsudana</i> for Water Pollution by 2,4-Dinitrophenol.","authors":"Huicheng Xie, Yikang Fu, Degang Fu, Dengfeng Lin, Huimin Zhou, Guilong Fu, Hui Li, Jinxin Liu, Xiuguo Zheng, Kun Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) stress on physiological parameters, as well as the uptake and removal of 2,4-DNP in <i>Salix matsudana</i>, were investigated using hydroponic simulation experiments to explore the potential of the use of <i>Salix matsudana</i> in the phytoremediation of wastewater polluted by 2,4-DNP. The results showed that <i>P</i><sub>N</sub> (net photosynthetic rate), <i>T</i><sub>r</sub> (transpiration rate), <i>G</i><sub>s</sub> (stomatal conductance), <i>L</i><sub>s</sub> (stomatal limitation value), <i>F</i><sub>v</sub>/<i>F</i><sub>m</sub> (maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry), and <i>q</i><sub>p</sub> (photochemical quenching coefficient) of <i>Salix matsudana</i> seedlings showed an overall decreasing trend, while <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> (intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration) showed an increasing trend with the increase in 2,4-DNP concentration. The net photosynthetic rate and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration showed an opposite trend in the leaves with the increase in 2,4-DNP stress concentration, and the inhibition of net photosynthesis by 2,4-DNP on <i>Salix matsudana</i> seedlings was mainly based on non-stomatal factors. In the 15 d incubation experiment, the values of SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase), and CAT (catalase) indexes were higher at low concentrations of 2,4-DNP stress, and all three enzymes reached their maximum values at 10 mg L<sup>-1</sup> of 2,4-DNP and then decreased. <i>Salix matsudana</i> seedlings could tolerate 2,4-DNP stress well, which did not exceed 20 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. The toxicity of 2,4-DNP solution was significantly reduced after purification by <i>Salix matsudana</i> seedlings. The removal rate of 2,4-DNP was higher than 80% in each treatment group by <i>Salix matsudana</i> purified after 15 days. When the concentration of 2,4-DNP reached 20 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, the contents of MDA (malonicdialdehyde) were 55.62 mmol g<sup>-1</sup>, and the values of REC (relative conductivity) and LD (leaf damage) were 63.51% and 59.93%, respectively. The structure and function of the cell membrane in leaves were seriously damaged. With the increase in 2,4-DNP concentration, the removal of 2,4-DNP by <i>Salix matsudana</i> seedlings showed a decreasing trend. When the 2,4-DNP concentration was 5 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, the highest removal rate of 2,4-DNP by <i>Salix matsudana</i> seedlings was 95.98%, while when the 2,4-DNP concentration was 20 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, the highest removal rate was 86.76%. It is noted that the suitable, recommended concentration for the phytoremediation of 2,4-DNP contamination by <i>Salix matsudana</i> seedlings is between 8.81 and 13.78 mg L<sup>-1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juliana G R de Carvalho, Helga Coelho Augusto, Ricardo Ferraz, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
Microplastic pollution is a problem of increasing concern in food, and while food safety issues around the world are serious, an increasing number of food safety issues related to microplastics have become the focus of people's attention. The presence of microplastics in food is a worldwide problem, and they are present in all kinds of foods, foods of both animal and plant origin, food additives, drinks, plastic food packaging, and agricultural practices. This can cause problems for both humans and the environment. Microplastics have already been detected in human blood, heart, placenta, and breastmilk, but their effects in humans are not well understood. Studies with mammals and human cells or organoids have given perspective about the potential impact of micro(nano)plastics on human health, which affect the lungs, kidneys, heart, neurological system, and DNA. Additionally, as plastics often contain additives or other substances, the potentially harmful effects of exposure to these substances must also be carefully studied before any conclusions can be drawn. The study of microplastics is very complex as there are many factors to account for, such as differences in particle sizes, constituents, shapes, additives, contaminants, concentrations, etc. This review summarizes the more recent research on the presence of microplastic and other plastic-related chemical pollutants in food and their potential impacts on human health.
{"title":"Micro(nano)plastic and Related Chemicals: Emerging Contaminants in Environment, Food and Health Impacts.","authors":"Juliana G R de Carvalho, Helga Coelho Augusto, Ricardo Ferraz, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastic pollution is a problem of increasing concern in food, and while food safety issues around the world are serious, an increasing number of food safety issues related to microplastics have become the focus of people's attention. The presence of microplastics in food is a worldwide problem, and they are present in all kinds of foods, foods of both animal and plant origin, food additives, drinks, plastic food packaging, and agricultural practices. This can cause problems for both humans and the environment. Microplastics have already been detected in human blood, heart, placenta, and breastmilk, but their effects in humans are not well understood. Studies with mammals and human cells or organoids have given perspective about the potential impact of micro(nano)plastics on human health, which affect the lungs, kidneys, heart, neurological system, and DNA. Additionally, as plastics often contain additives or other substances, the potentially harmful effects of exposure to these substances must also be carefully studied before any conclusions can be drawn. The study of microplastics is very complex as there are many factors to account for, such as differences in particle sizes, constituents, shapes, additives, contaminants, concentrations, etc. This review summarizes the more recent research on the presence of microplastic and other plastic-related chemical pollutants in food and their potential impacts on human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Pan, Ying Wang, Xiaoliang Qin, Nirmal Kumar Gali, Qingyan Fu, Zhi Ning
Cargo terminals, as pivotal hubs of mechanical activities, maritime shipping, and land transportation, are significant sources of air pollutants, exhibiting considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to the complex and irregular nature of emissions. This study employed a high-density air sensor network with 17 sites across four functional zones in two Shanghai cargo terminals to monitor NO and NO2 concentrations with high spatiotemporal resolution post sensor data validation against regulatory monitoring stations. Notably, NO and NO2 concentrations within the terminal surged during the night, peaking at 06:00 h, likely due to local regulations on heavy-duty diesel trucks. Spatial analysis revealed the highest NO concentrations in the core operational areas and adjacent roads, with significantly lower levels in the outer ring, indicating strong emission sources and limited dispersion. Employing the lowest percentile method for baseline extraction from high-resolution data, this study identified local emissions as the primary source of NO, constituting over 80% of total emissions. Elevated background concentrations of NO2 suggested a gradual oxidation of NO into NO2, with local emissions contributing to 32-70% of the total NO2 concentration. These findings provide valuable insights into the NO and NO2 emission characteristics across different terminal areas, aiding decision-makers in developing targeted emission control policies.
货运码头作为机械活动、海运和陆运的枢纽,是空气污染物的重要来源,由于其排放的复杂性和不规则性,表现出相当大的时空异质性。本研究采用了一个高密度空气传感器网络,在上海两个货运码头的四个功能区中设置了 17 个站点,监测二氧化氮和二氧化氮的浓度,并根据监管监测站点对传感器数据进行验证,以获得高时空分辨率。值得注意的是,码头内的氮氧化物和二氧化氮浓度在夜间急剧上升,在 06:00 时达到峰值,这可能是由于当地对重型柴油卡车的管理条例所致。空间分析表明,核心作业区和邻近道路的氮氧化物浓度最高,而外环的浓度明显较低,这表明排放源很强且扩散有限。这项研究采用最低百分位数法从高分辨率数据中提取基线,确定本地排放是 NO 的主要来源,占总排放量的 80% 以上。二氧化氮本底浓度的升高表明,二氧化氮逐渐被氧化成二氧化氮,本地排放的二氧化氮占二氧化氮总浓度的 32-70%。这些发现为了解不同终端区域的 NO 和 NO2 排放特征提供了宝贵的信息,有助于决策者制定有针对性的排放控制政策。
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Complex Emission Dynamics in Port Areas Using High-Density Air Sensor Network.","authors":"Jun Pan, Ying Wang, Xiaoliang Qin, Nirmal Kumar Gali, Qingyan Fu, Zhi Ning","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cargo terminals, as pivotal hubs of mechanical activities, maritime shipping, and land transportation, are significant sources of air pollutants, exhibiting considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to the complex and irregular nature of emissions. This study employed a high-density air sensor network with 17 sites across four functional zones in two Shanghai cargo terminals to monitor NO and NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations with high spatiotemporal resolution post sensor data validation against regulatory monitoring stations. Notably, NO and NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations within the terminal surged during the night, peaking at 06:00 h, likely due to local regulations on heavy-duty diesel trucks. Spatial analysis revealed the highest NO concentrations in the core operational areas and adjacent roads, with significantly lower levels in the outer ring, indicating strong emission sources and limited dispersion. Employing the lowest percentile method for baseline extraction from high-resolution data, this study identified local emissions as the primary source of NO, constituting over 80% of total emissions. Elevated background concentrations of NO<sub>2</sub> suggested a gradual oxidation of NO into NO<sub>2</sub>, with local emissions contributing to 32-70% of the total NO<sub>2</sub> concentration. These findings provide valuable insights into the NO and NO<sub>2</sub> emission characteristics across different terminal areas, aiding decision-makers in developing targeted emission control policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liang Wan, Rong Huang, Yan Zhou, Jiahao Guo, Yiying Jiao, Jian Gao
Antibiotics can affect the photosynthetic system of Microcystis, potentially altering the balance of carbon and nitrogen, which may influence the synthesis of different microcystin (MC) congeners. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which antibiotics affect the synthesis of various MC congeners in Microcystis remain unknown. In this study, the effects of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on the growth, carbon and nitrogen balance, amino acid composition, mcyB gene expression, and production of different MC congeners were investigated in two toxin-producing strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. The results show that CIP exposure significantly inhibited the growth of both strains, achieving an inhibition rate of 71.75% in FACHB-315 and 41.13% in FACHB-915 at 8 μg/L CIP by the end of the cultivation. The intracellular C:N ratio in FACHB-315 increased by 51.47%, while no significant change was observed in FACHB-915. The levels of leucine, tyrosine, and arginine, as identified and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS, were significantly altered at higher CIP concentrations, leading to a reduction in leucine percentage and a notable increase in tyrosine in both strains, which contributed to a reduction in MC-LR proportion and an increase in MC-RR and MC-YR proportion. Additionally, the expression of the mcyB gene was upregulated by as much as 5.57 times, indicating that antibiotic stress could enhance MC synthesis at the genetic level, contributing to the increased toxicity of cyanobacteria. These findings emphasize the significant role of CIP in the biochemical processes of M. aeruginosa, particularly in MC synthesis and composition, providing valuable insights into the ecological risks posed by antibiotics and harmful cyanobacteria.
{"title":"Effects of Ciprofloxacin on the Production and Composition of Cellular Microcystins in <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>.","authors":"Liang Wan, Rong Huang, Yan Zhou, Jiahao Guo, Yiying Jiao, Jian Gao","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotics can affect the photosynthetic system of <i>Microcystis</i>, potentially altering the balance of carbon and nitrogen, which may influence the synthesis of different microcystin (MC) congeners. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which antibiotics affect the synthesis of various MC congeners in <i>Microcystis</i> remain unknown. In this study, the effects of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on the growth, carbon and nitrogen balance, amino acid composition, <i>mcyB</i> gene expression, and production of different MC congeners were investigated in two toxin-producing strains of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>. The results show that CIP exposure significantly inhibited the growth of both strains, achieving an inhibition rate of 71.75% in FACHB-315 and 41.13% in FACHB-915 at 8 μg/L CIP by the end of the cultivation. The intracellular C:N ratio in FACHB-315 increased by 51.47%, while no significant change was observed in FACHB-915. The levels of leucine, tyrosine, and arginine, as identified and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS, were significantly altered at higher CIP concentrations, leading to a reduction in leucine percentage and a notable increase in tyrosine in both strains, which contributed to a reduction in MC-LR proportion and an increase in MC-RR and MC-YR proportion. Additionally, the expression of the <i>mcyB</i> gene was upregulated by as much as 5.57 times, indicating that antibiotic stress could enhance MC synthesis at the genetic level, contributing to the increased toxicity of cyanobacteria. These findings emphasize the significant role of CIP in the biochemical processes of <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, particularly in MC synthesis and composition, providing valuable insights into the ecological risks posed by antibiotics and harmful cyanobacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastic (MP) pollution in agricultural ecosystems is an emerging environmental concern, with limited knowledge of its transport and accumulation in rural waterbodies. This study investigates the distribution and sources of MP in drainage ditches influenced by pond connectivity, land use, and soil properties within a small catchment in Nanjing, East China. Sediment was collected from ditches in 18 sites across forest, agricultural, horticultural, and urban areas. Using laser-directed infrared spectroscopy (LDIR), 922 MP particles were identified. Six materials were dominant: fluororubber (FR), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), acrylonitrile (ACR), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), and polyethylene (PE). MP concentrations varied by land use and pond connectivity, with ditches above ponds exhibiting higher counts (1700 particles/kg) than those below (1050 particles/kg), indicating that ponds act as MP sinks. The analysis revealed site-specific MP sources, with FR linked to road runoff and PET associated with agricultural practices. Correlations between MP shape and soil properties showed that more compact and filled shapes were more commonly associated with coarser soils. PE particle size was negatively correlated with organic matter. This study highlights the need for targeted strategies to reduce MP pollution in rural landscapes, such as reducing plastic use, ditch maintenance, and improved road runoff management.
{"title":"Microplastic Transport and Accumulation in Rural Waterbodies: Insights from a Small Catchment in East China.","authors":"Tom Lotz, Wenjun Chen, Shoubao Su","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastic (MP) pollution in agricultural ecosystems is an emerging environmental concern, with limited knowledge of its transport and accumulation in rural waterbodies. This study investigates the distribution and sources of MP in drainage ditches influenced by pond connectivity, land use, and soil properties within a small catchment in Nanjing, East China. Sediment was collected from ditches in 18 sites across forest, agricultural, horticultural, and urban areas. Using laser-directed infrared spectroscopy (LDIR), 922 MP particles were identified. Six materials were dominant: fluororubber (FR), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), acrylonitrile (ACR), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), and polyethylene (PE). MP concentrations varied by land use and pond connectivity, with ditches above ponds exhibiting higher counts (1700 particles/kg) than those below (1050 particles/kg), indicating that ponds act as MP sinks. The analysis revealed site-specific MP sources, with FR linked to road runoff and PET associated with agricultural practices. Correlations between MP shape and soil properties showed that more compact and filled shapes were more commonly associated with coarser soils. PE particle size was negatively correlated with organic matter. This study highlights the need for targeted strategies to reduce MP pollution in rural landscapes, such as reducing plastic use, ditch maintenance, and improved road runoff management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soft clay contamination is an increasingly global issue with significant implications for land development and human health. Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has demonstrated significant potential for cleaning contaminated soils. It is crucial to develop efficient processes that minimize environmental impact and reduce costs. A series of citric acid (CA)-enhanced EKR tests were conducted using a novel experimental setup, with the electrolyte positioned above the soil surface, to examine the impact of four different electrode arrangements on the effectiveness of EKR. The position of the electrode end had a significant impact on the migration of ions in the anolyte and catholyte, which in turn affected the volume reduction in the anolyte, the magnitude of the current, and the migration of heavy metals. The electrode arrangement mode c (electrodes suspended in the electrolytes) can enhance the migration of the anolyte and reduce the drainage of the soil, making it an effective measure for improving the removal rate of heavy metals. After the heavy metal remediation is complete, the bearing capacity of the soil should be increased. Changing the electrode arrangement to mode d (anode suspended in the anolyte, a very small part of the cathode inserted into the soil) is an effective measure for reducing the soil water content and improving soil strength.
软粘土污染是一个日益严重的全球性问题,对土地开发和人类健康具有重大影响。电动力修复(EKR)在净化受污染土壤方面具有巨大潜力。关键是要开发出高效的工艺,最大限度地减少对环境的影响并降低成本。我们使用新颖的实验装置(电解液位于土壤表面之上)进行了一系列柠檬酸(CA)增强型 EKR 试验,以检验四种不同电极排列方式对 EKR 效果的影响。电极末端的位置对电解液和电解质中离子的迁移有显著影响,进而影响电解液体积的减少、电流的大小和重金属的迁移。电极布置模式 c(电极悬浮在电解质中)可以增强溶解质的迁移,减少土壤的排水量,是提高重金属去除率的有效措施。重金属修复完成后,应提高土壤的承载能力。将电极布置方式改为模式 d(阳极悬浮在溶液中,极小部分阴极插入土壤中)是降低土壤含水量和提高土壤强度的有效措施。
{"title":"Effect of Electrode Positioning on Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soft Clay with Surface Electrolyte.","authors":"Zhaohua Sun, Shuwen Xu, Jianming Zhang, Beukes Demarscho Eugene, Sheng Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soft clay contamination is an increasingly global issue with significant implications for land development and human health. Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has demonstrated significant potential for cleaning contaminated soils. It is crucial to develop efficient processes that minimize environmental impact and reduce costs. A series of citric acid (CA)-enhanced EKR tests were conducted using a novel experimental setup, with the electrolyte positioned above the soil surface, to examine the impact of four different electrode arrangements on the effectiveness of EKR. The position of the electrode end had a significant impact on the migration of ions in the anolyte and catholyte, which in turn affected the volume reduction in the anolyte, the magnitude of the current, and the migration of heavy metals. The electrode arrangement mode <i>c</i> (electrodes suspended in the electrolytes) can enhance the migration of the anolyte and reduce the drainage of the soil, making it an effective measure for improving the removal rate of heavy metals. After the heavy metal remediation is complete, the bearing capacity of the soil should be increased. Changing the electrode arrangement to mode <i>d</i> (anode suspended in the anolyte, a very small part of the cathode inserted into the soil) is an effective measure for reducing the soil water content and improving soil strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slavica Borković-Mitić, Bojan Mitić, Jelena S Vranković, Katarina Jovičić, Slađan Pavlović
In this study, the activity of oxidative stress parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the concentrations of vitamin E (Vit E) and SH groups in the digestive glands and gills of freshwater mussels Unio pictorum and Sinanodonta woodiana from the Sava River in Serbia were investigated. These parameters were determined in native and invasive mussels under the same environmental conditions. The activities of GSH-Px and GR and the concentration of Vit E were significantly higher in the digestive glands of the autochthonous species U. pictorum than in the invasive species S. woodiana, while the CAT activity and the concentration of SH groups were lower. In the gills of U. pictorum, GSH-Px activity and Vit E concentration were significantly higher, while CAT, GST, and SH groups were lower. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that oxidative stress parameters were strictly tissue- and species-specific. In addition, integrated biomarker response (IBR) showed a combined response of enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress parameters depending on the tissue or species studied, indicating different metabolic activities and behaviors of an autochthonous versus an introduced bivalve species.
本研究调查了氧化应激参数超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(GST)的活性,以及塞尔维亚萨瓦河淡水贻贝 Unio pictorum 和 Sinanodonta woodiana 消化腺和鳃中维生素 E(Vit E)和 SH 组的浓度。这些参数是在相同环境条件下对本地和外来贻贝进行测定的。在本地物种 U. pictorum 的消化腺中,GSH-Px 和 GR 的活性以及维生素 E 的浓度明显高于入侵物种 S. woodiana,而 CAT 活性和 SH 组的浓度则较低。在象鼻虫的鳃中,GSH-Px 活性和维生素 E 浓度显著较高,而 CAT、GST 和 SH 组则较低。主成分分析(PCA)表明,氧化应激参数具有严格的组织和物种特异性。此外,综合生物标志物反应(IBR)显示,酶和非酶氧化应激参数的综合反应取决于所研究的组织或物种,表明自生双壳类动物与引进双壳类动物的代谢活动和行为不同。
{"title":"Integrated Biomarker Response of Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Digestive Glands and Gills of Autochthonous and Invasive Freshwater Mussels from the Sava River, Serbia.","authors":"Slavica Borković-Mitić, Bojan Mitić, Jelena S Vranković, Katarina Jovičić, Slađan Pavlović","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the activity of oxidative stress parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the concentrations of vitamin E (Vit E) and SH groups in the digestive glands and gills of freshwater mussels <i>Unio pictorum</i> and <i>Sinanodonta woodiana</i> from the Sava River in Serbia were investigated. These parameters were determined in native and invasive mussels under the same environmental conditions. The activities of GSH-Px and GR and the concentration of Vit E were significantly higher in the digestive glands of the autochthonous species <i>U. pictorum</i> than in the invasive species <i>S. woodiana</i>, while the CAT activity and the concentration of SH groups were lower. In the gills of <i>U. pictorum</i>, GSH-Px activity and Vit E concentration were significantly higher, while CAT, GST, and SH groups were lower. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that oxidative stress parameters were strictly tissue- and species-specific. In addition, integrated biomarker response (IBR) showed a combined response of enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress parameters depending on the tissue or species studied, indicating different metabolic activities and behaviors of an autochthonous versus an introduced bivalve species.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, there are quite a few data on the ways silver nanoparticles get into the aquatic environment, on their subsequent dissolution in water, and on the release of toxic Ag+ ions. Differences in the experimental conditions hinder the determination of the basic regularities of this process. In this study, the stages of oxidative dissolution of AgNPs were studied, starting from the formation of silver hydrosol in deaerated solution, the reaction of silver with oxygen and with drinking and natural waters, the analysis of intermediate species of the oxidized colloidal particles, and the subsequent particle aggregation and precipitation, by optical spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, STEM, and EDX. In the presence of oxygen, silver nanoparticles undergo oxidative dissolution, which gives Ag+ ions and results in the subsequent aggregation of nanoparticles. The carbonate hydrosol loses stability when mixed with waters of various origin. This is due to the destruction of the electric double layer, which is caused by an increase in the solution's ionic strength and the neutralization of the charge of the metal core. The environmental hazard of the silver nanoparticle hydrosol would noticeably change and/or decrease when the nanoparticles get into natural waters because of their fast precipitation and because the major part of released Ag+ ions form poorly soluble salts with ions present in water.
{"title":"Oxidative Dissolution and the Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles in Drinking and Natural Waters: The Influence of the Medium on the Process Development.","authors":"Vadim A Ershov, Boris G Ershov","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, there are quite a few data on the ways silver nanoparticles get into the aquatic environment, on their subsequent dissolution in water, and on the release of toxic Ag<sup>+</sup> ions. Differences in the experimental conditions hinder the determination of the basic regularities of this process. In this study, the stages of oxidative dissolution of AgNPs were studied, starting from the formation of silver hydrosol in deaerated solution, the reaction of silver with oxygen and with drinking and natural waters, the analysis of intermediate species of the oxidized colloidal particles, and the subsequent particle aggregation and precipitation, by optical spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, STEM, and EDX. In the presence of oxygen, silver nanoparticles undergo oxidative dissolution, which gives Ag<sup>+</sup> ions and results in the subsequent aggregation of nanoparticles. The carbonate hydrosol loses stability when mixed with waters of various origin. This is due to the destruction of the electric double layer, which is caused by an increase in the solution's ionic strength and the neutralization of the charge of the metal core. The environmental hazard of the silver nanoparticle hydrosol would noticeably change and/or decrease when the nanoparticles get into natural waters because of their fast precipitation and because the major part of released Ag<sup>+</sup> ions form poorly soluble salts with ions present in water.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer Barbosa Dos Santos, Rodrigo Brasil Choueri, Francisco Eduardo Melo Dos Santos, Laís Adrielle de Oliveira Santos, Letícia Fernanda da Silva, Caio Rodrigues Nobre, Milton Alexandre Cardoso, Renata de Britto Mari, Fábio Ruiz Simões, Tomas Angel Delvalls, Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri
The rise of "fast fashion" has driven up the production of low-cost, short-lived clothing, significantly increasing global textile fiber production and, consequently, exacerbating environmental pollution. This study investigated the ecotoxicological effects of different types of anthropogenic microfibers-cotton, polyester, and mixed fibers (50% cotton: 50% polyester)-on marine organisms, specifically sea urchin embryos. All tested fibers exhibited toxicity, with cotton fibers causing notable effects on embryonic development even at environmentally relevant concentrations. The research also simulated a scenario where microfibers were immersed in seawater for 30 days to assess changes in toxicity over time. The results showed that the toxicity of microfibers increased with both concentration and exposure duration, with polyester being the most toxic among the fibers tested. Although synthetic fibers have been the primary focus of previous research, this study highlights that natural fibers like cotton, which are often overlooked, can also be toxic due to the presence of harmful additives. These natural fibers, despite decomposing faster than synthetic ones, can persist in aquatic environments for extended periods. The findings underline the critical need for further research on both natural and synthetic microfibers to understand their environmental impact and potential threats to marine ecosystems and sea urchin populations.
{"title":"Are Microfibers a Threat to Marine Invertebrates? A Sea Urchin Toxicity Assessment.","authors":"Jennifer Barbosa Dos Santos, Rodrigo Brasil Choueri, Francisco Eduardo Melo Dos Santos, Laís Adrielle de Oliveira Santos, Letícia Fernanda da Silva, Caio Rodrigues Nobre, Milton Alexandre Cardoso, Renata de Britto Mari, Fábio Ruiz Simões, Tomas Angel Delvalls, Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rise of \"fast fashion\" has driven up the production of low-cost, short-lived clothing, significantly increasing global textile fiber production and, consequently, exacerbating environmental pollution. This study investigated the ecotoxicological effects of different types of anthropogenic microfibers-cotton, polyester, and mixed fibers (50% cotton: 50% polyester)-on marine organisms, specifically sea urchin embryos. All tested fibers exhibited toxicity, with cotton fibers causing notable effects on embryonic development even at environmentally relevant concentrations. The research also simulated a scenario where microfibers were immersed in seawater for 30 days to assess changes in toxicity over time. The results showed that the toxicity of microfibers increased with both concentration and exposure duration, with polyester being the most toxic among the fibers tested. Although synthetic fibers have been the primary focus of previous research, this study highlights that natural fibers like cotton, which are often overlooked, can also be toxic due to the presence of harmful additives. These natural fibers, despite decomposing faster than synthetic ones, can persist in aquatic environments for extended periods. The findings underline the critical need for further research on both natural and synthetic microfibers to understand their environmental impact and potential threats to marine ecosystems and sea urchin populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}