Tracing Urban Drinking Water Sources: Global State of the Art and Insights From an IAEA-Coordinated Research Project

IF 3.2 3区 地球科学 Q1 Environmental Science Hydrological Processes Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI:10.1002/hyp.15312
Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Lucía Ortega, Polona Vreča, Klara Žagar, Suprina Shrestha, Charity Kgotlaebonywe, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Christian Birkel, Giovanny M. Mosquera, Patricio Crespo, Darío Xaiver Zhiña, Aurel Perșoiu, Renata Feher, Arthur Ionescu, Bijay Man Shakya, Rabin Malla, Mouna Bissassa, Meriem Bellarbi, Mohamed Qurtobi, Prasanta Sanyal, Ajay Ajay, Seifu Kebede, Gabriel J. Bowen, Jean François Hélie, Daniele Pinti, Florent Barbecot, Sadhana Shrestha, Massimo Marchesi, Jared Van Rooyen, Jodie Miller
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Abstract

Climate change, inter-annual precipitation variability, recurrent droughts and flash flooding, coupled with increasing water needs, are shaping the co-evolution of socioeconomic and cultural assemblages, water laws and regulations, and equitable drinking water access and allocation worldwide. Recognising the need for mitigation strategies for drinking water availability in urban areas, the Isotope Hydrology Section of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) coordinated a state-of-the-art global assessment to evaluate water sources and distribution of drinking water supply in urban centres, an initiative entitled ‘Use of Isotope Techniques for the Evaluation of Water Sources for Domestic Supply in Urban Areas (2018–2023)’. Here, we report on (a) current research trends for studying urban drinking water systems during the last two decades and (b) the development, testing and integration of new methodologies, aiming for a better assessment, mapping and management of water resources used for drinking water supply in urban settings. Selected examples of water isotope applications (Canada, USA, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Morocco, Botswana, Romania, Slovenia, India and Nepal) provide context to the insights and recommendations reported and highlight the versatility of water isotopes to underpin seasonal and temporal variations across various environmental and climate scenarios. The study revealed that urban areas depend on a large spectrum of water recharge across mountain ranges, extensive local groundwater extraction and water transfer from nearby or distant river basins. The latter is reflected in the spatial isotope snapshot variability. High-resolution monitoring (hourly and sub-hourly) isotope sampling revealed large diurnal variations in the wet tropics (Costa Rica) (up to 1.5‰ in δ18O) and more uniform diurnal variations in urban centres fed by groundwater sources (0.08‰ in δ18O) (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Similarly, while d-excess was fairly close to the global mean value (+10‰) across all urban centres (10‰–15‰), reservoir-based drinking water systems show lower values (up to ~ −20‰) (Arlington, TX, USA and Gaborone, Botswana), as a result of strong evapoconcentration processes. δ18O time series and depth-integrated sampling highlighted the influence of the catchment damping ratio in the ultimate intake water composition. By introducing new, traceable spatial and temporal tools that span from the water source to the end-user and are linked to the engineered and socio-economic structure of the water distribution system, governmental, regional or community-based water operators and practitioners could enhance drinking water treatment strategies (including more accurate surface water blending estimations) and improve urban water management and conservation plans in the light of global warming.

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追踪城市饮用水源:国际原子能机构(IAEA)协调研究项目的全球技术现状和启示
气候变化、年际降水变化、经常性干旱和山洪暴发,再加上日益增长的用水需求,正在影响着世界各地的社会经济和文化组合、水法律法规以及饮用水的公平获取和分配。国际原子能机构(IAEA)同位素水文部门认识到需要制定城市地区饮用水供应的减缓战略,因此协调开展了一项最先进的全球评估,以评估城市中心的水源和饮用水供应分布情况,该倡议名为 "利用同位素技术评估城市地区生活供水水源(2018-2023 年)"。在此,我们将报告:(a) 过去二十年间研究城市饮用水系统的当前研究趋势;(b) 新方法的开发、测试和整合,旨在更好地评估、绘制和管理用于城市饮用水供应的水资源。选定的水同位素应用实例(加拿大、美国、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、摩洛哥、博茨瓦纳、罗马尼亚、斯洛文尼亚、印度和尼泊尔)为所报告的见解和建议提供了背景,并强调了水同位素在各种环境和气候情况下支持季节和时间变化的多功能性。研究表明,城市地区依赖于大量的山脉补给水、当地地下水的大量开采以及附近或遥远流域的水转移。后者反映在空间同位素快照变化上。高分辨率监测(每小时和每小时以下)同位素取样显示,湿热带地区(哥斯达黎加)的昼夜变化较大(δ18O 的变化高达 1.5‰),而由地下水源补给的城市中心的昼夜变化较为均匀(δ18O 的变化为 0.08‰)(斯洛文尼亚卢布尔雅那)。同样,在所有城市中心(10‰-15‰),虽然 d-excess 与全球平均值(+10‰)相当接近,但由于强烈的蒸发浓缩过程,以水库为基础的饮用水系统显示出较低的值(高达 ~-20‰)(美国德克萨斯州阿灵顿和博茨瓦纳哈博罗内)。δ18O时间序列和深度综合采样突出了集水区阻尼比对最终取水成分的影响。通过引入新的、可追溯的时空工具(从水源到最终用户),并将其与配水系统的工程和社会经济结构联系起来,政府、地区或社区的水运营商和从业人员可以加强饮用水处理战略(包括更准确的地表水混合估算),并在全球变暖的情况下改进城市水资源管理和保护计划。
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来源期刊
Hydrological Processes
Hydrological Processes 环境科学-水资源
CiteScore
6.00
自引率
12.50%
发文量
313
审稿时长
2-4 weeks
期刊介绍: Hydrological Processes is an international journal that publishes original scientific papers advancing understanding of the mechanisms underlying the movement and storage of water in the environment, and the interaction of water with geological, biogeochemical, atmospheric and ecological systems. Not all papers related to water resources are appropriate for submission to this journal; rather we seek papers that clearly articulate the role(s) of hydrological processes.
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