Exploring sex difference in the risk factors and prognosis of inoperable lung cancer

Abstract

Background

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with increasing incidence among females. Sex differences in lung cancer risk and outcomes are influenced by various factors, including biological characteristics. In Bangladesh, where lung cancer mortality rates are high, patients often present at advanced stages. However, real-time data on sex-specific survival outcomes for inoperable lung cancer in Bangladesh is lacking.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed patients with inoperable lung cancer at the National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from 2018 to 2019. Patient demographics and clinical parameters were assessed, with survival tracked until June 2020. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, t-tests, Kaplan-Meier curves, and multivariable Cox regression models.

Results

Females were diagnosed at a younger age (55.3 ± 12.7 vs 60.5 ± 10.2 years, p < 0.001) and had higher comorbidity rates (36.2 %, p = 0.004). Males had higher smoking rates, while females used more smokeless tobacco. Adenocarcinoma was more prevalent in females (47.2 %) and squamous cell carcinoma in males (42.7 %). After adjusting for various factors, females showed a significant survival advantage (median 16 vs 12 months), particularly in adenocarcinoma (HR: 0.64, 95 %CI:0.46–0.90, p = 0.01) and squamous cell carcinoma (HR: 0.52, 95 %CI:0.32–0.85, p = 0.009). Females also demonstrated better survival when receiving supportive care, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy alone but not in combined therapy. Older males (>70), illiterate, smokers, and those with comorbidities had a poor prognosis compared to females.

Conclusion

This study reveals significant sex-based differences in inoperable lung cancer patients in Bangladesh. Despite earlier diagnosis and higher comorbidities, females demonstrated better survival rates, particularly in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. These findings highlight the need for sex-specific approaches in lung cancer management to improve patient outcomes.