A rapid review of the epidemiology and combating strategies of hepatitis C virus infection in Ghana

Abstract

The contribution of viral hepatitis including hepatitis C virus (HCV) to morbidity and death is thought to be substantial in Ghana and should be accorded greater attention. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched, as well as the Google Scholar search engine, for primary studies published from 1995–2023 inclusive. We specifically searched for primary studies as well as studies using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The country lacks population-based studies and comprehensive national HCV surveillance systems, making it difficult to estimate the true burden of HCV accurately. The prevalence of HCV infection is estimated to be between 1.75 and 3.4 % in Ghana. The predominant HCV genotype in the country is genotype 2, followed by genotype 1. The prevalence of genotypes 4, 5, and 6 is very low or nonexistent in Ghana. Older age (>50 years), male gender, and HCV genotype 1b are significantly associated with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. Ghana is among the high-prevalence HCV infection countries. There is a high prevalence of cirrhosis among HCV-infected individuals, with older age and genotype 1b associated with an increased risk. Consequently, more efforts are needed to increase awareness and implementation of national guidelines.