Journal of clinical virology plus最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Hepatitis B and other transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in Albania: Implications for blood safety and screening strategies","authors":"Albana Gjyzari ,&nbsp;Irini Kasolli ,&nbsp;Irena Seferi ,&nbsp;Ariana Strakosha ,&nbsp;Ergys Ramosacaj ,&nbsp;Esmeralda Thoma ,&nbsp;Admir Nake ,&nbsp;Altea Gjyzari ,&nbsp;Drieda Zaçe","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Blood transfusion, although lifesaving, may carry inherit risks, including transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). This study aims to assess the prevalence and characteristics of HBV infection, including occult HBV and other TTIs (HCV, HIV and syphilis) among blood donors in Albania.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective observational study analysed blood donor samples from the National Blood Transfusion Center in Tirana (January–December 2024). Serological assays and nucleic acid testing (NAT) were performed following standard protocols. All donations positive for HBsAg, HCV, syphilis, HIV, NAT triple assay, or with ALT &gt;2 × ULN were included. Demographic and clinical data collected comprised age, gender, region, education level, blood type, BMI, and ALT values.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 25,474 donors, 6.4 % tested positive at the first screening for at least one infection marker or liver injury indicator. Most positive cases were male (82 %), with a median age of 40 years, and had secondary education (42 %). Serology identified HBsAg 2.8 %, anti HCV 0.6 %, HIV 0.1 % (confirmed positive 0.057 %), and syphilis 0.4 % (confirmed positive 0.15 %). Overall, a prevalence of 3.1 % for confirmed active infections (HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis) was found. NAT triple assay was reactive in 860 samples; 65 HBsAg-negative cases (0.2 %) were confirmed as HBV-DNA positive (occult HBV infection, OBI). OBI cases had a median anti-HBc and anti-HBs titers of 6.3 and 7.3 respectively, with 40 % showing positive anti-HBs levels. No significant demographic or clinical differences were found between anti-HBs positive and negative individuals. In multivariable analysis, lack of vaccination, lower education, and lower ALT remained independent predictors of HBV infection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive screening strategies, including NAT, to identify occult infections that could compromise blood safety. Continued promotion of vaccination, education, and regional surveillance is essential to reduce the burden of HBV and other TTIs in blood donors and the general population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral haemorrhagic fever (Marburg) outbreak in Ethiopia: global health response and preparedness lessons for East Africa","authors":"Mohamed Mustaf Ahmed ,&nbsp;Eilham Elias Jobir ,&nbsp;Abdirasak Sharif Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical performance of the BD Respiratory Viral Panel – SCV2 for BD MAX™ system with nasopharyngeal and anterior nasal specimens","authors":"Sonia Paradis ,&nbsp;Barbara Van Der Pol ,&nbsp;Thomas E. Davis ,&nbsp;Nathan A. Ledeboer ,&nbsp;Matthew L. Faron ,&nbsp;William Laviers ,&nbsp;Jeffry Leitch ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Lockamy ,&nbsp;Karen A. Yanson","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) relies heavily on highly sensitive and specific assays. While nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens are considered the gold standard, it is crucial that current assays also support the use of anterior nasal swab (NS) specimens, as they can be more suitable in situations where NP specimen collection is difficult or impractical.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Paired NP and NS specimens prospectively collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic participants were utilized to evaluate the BD Respiratory Viral Panel - SCV2 for BD MAX™ System (BD RVP SCV2) clinical performance against a composite comparator of three CE-marked assays: cobas® SARS-CoV-2, Aptima® SARS-CoV-2, and Lyra® SARS-CoV-2. Concordance between at least two assays established a positive or negative comparator result. Each specimen was divided into four aliquots, one for each assay. BD RVP SCV2 performance was assessed by comparing results from NP specimens (NP vs NP), NS specimens (NS vs NS), and NS results with paired NP comparator results (NS vs NP). Positive and negative percent agreements (PPA and NPA) were calculated for all comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Combined symptomatic and asymptomatic specimens, when tested with the BD RVP SCV2 assay, met all set acceptance criteria, with PPAs of 98.7 % (NP vs NP), 98.4 % (NS vs NS), and 92.6 % (NS vs NP) while NPAs ranged from 97.7 % to 98.0 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings confirm that the BD Respiratory Viral Panel - SCV2 for BD MAX System performs well for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in NP and NS specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments on “Prognostic value of inflammatory markers including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and red blood cell distribution width in viral hepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis”","authors":"Sushma Narsing Katkuri ,&nbsp;Varshini Vadhithala ,&nbsp;Arun Kumar ,&nbsp;Sushma Verma ,&nbsp;Dhanya Dedeepya","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human papillomavirus vaccination and screening in GCC countries: Review of current status, challenges, and future directions","authors":"Lama Alzamil","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cervical cancer remains a preventable yet significant public health challenge, particularly in regions where access to Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening is limited. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries comprising; Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman, have shown notable progress in introducing HPV vaccination; however, implementation remains inconsistent and coverage rates are suboptimal. Despite their economic capacity, most GCC states lack population-based cervical cancer screening programs, relying instead on opportunistic screening largely limited to married women. Cultural and religious sensitivities surrounding sexually transmitted infections contribute to stigma, delayed diagnosis, and low public engagement. While countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE have issued national guidelines and incorporated HPV vaccination into school-based programs, others such as Oman and Bahrain still face significant gaps in both policy and the public health infrastructure needed to support organized HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening programs. Screening strategies remain outdated or poorly implemented, with few countries adopting HPV-DNA testing. Sociocultural barriers, particularly the association of cervical cancer risk with marital status, continue to limit equitable access to preventive services. Promising approaches to improve uptake include the adoption of HPV self-sampling, school-based immunization, and integration of HPV vaccination into premarital health checks. Addressing these systemic and cultural challenges is essential for the GCC to align with global cervical cancer elimination goals and ensure broader protection for at-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"5 4","pages":"Article 100235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the proportion of samples reported as positive among reactive samples in Siemens Atellica IM analyzer HIV and HCV serological screening?","authors":"Jesper M. Kivelä,&nbsp;Anne Toivonen,&nbsp;Maarit Ahava,&nbsp;Satu Kurkela","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Serological screening of transmissible blood-borne viruses, like HIV and HCV, is a seminal part of medical laboratory workflow. Reliable screening methods are vital to provide impetus for confirmation testing, since false reactive results occur with HIV and HCV immunoassays.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We analyzed what proportion of the reactive HIV Ag/Ab and anti-HCV serum samples with Siemens Atellica IM Analyzer were finally reported as positive after confirmation testing.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Reactive samples with Atellica IM Analyzers using HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay (HIV Ag/Ab) or Atellica IM Hepatitis C assay (anti-HCV) analyzed between 1/2021-4/2023 were queried from our laboratory system. Index cut-off for reactive sample was ≥1.00 for HIV Ag/Ab and ≥0.80 for anti-HCV. All reactive samples underwent confirmation testing and were interpreted by clinical microbiologists. We calculated the proportion of positive results amidst reactive samples with Atellica IM Analyzers. We used index categorization based on our laboratory workflow for confirmation testing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 802 reactive HIV Ag/Ab and 3100 reactive anti-HCV samples, 69 % (95 % CI 66-72 %) and 96 % (95 % CI 95-97 %) were eventually reported positive. Reactive samples with an index over measurement range were almost exclusively reported as positive with high posterior probabilities. Reactive HIV Ag/Ab samples within a very low or low reactivity category were seldom reported as positive.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Most reactive samples with Atellica IM Analyzer were reported positive, nonetheless up to 31 % of HIV Ag/Ab and 4 % of anti-HCV samples were false reactives. These data can be utilized in designing algorithms for confirmation testing in clinical laboratories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"5 4","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Systematic review of HHV-6 and febrile seizures: Should the ER include it in the viral panel?”","authors":"Valerie Foy ,&nbsp;Shaina Gagadam","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), particularly subtype B, is a common viral infection in childhood and the cause of roseola infantum. Beyond its dermatologic effects, HHV-6B is an important yet often underrecognized contributor to febrile seizures in young children presenting to the emergency department (ED).</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review aims to examine the virology, epidemiology, and clinical features of HHV-6 infection in children, focusing on neurologic manifestations, while evaluating current ED diagnostic practices and the potential role for HHV-6 testing in pediatric febrile seizures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase databases identified studies published up to September 2025 on HHV-6 virology, dermatologic findings, neurologic complications, and ED management in pediatric patients. Inclusion criteria focused on HHV-6′s role in febrile seizures and the utility of rapid molecular diagnostics in the ED. Search terms included keywords related to HHV-6, febrile seizures, and pediatric emergency care. Two reviewers independently performed full-text reviews and extracted data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Primary HHV-6B infection affects most children by age two, with up to 30 % of first febrile seizures in this group attributed to the virus. While mostly self-limited, HHV-6B is disproportionately associated with complex febrile seizures and febrile status epilepticus. Emerging rapid diagnostic tools offer opportunities for targeted testing in select high-risk populations but are costly.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>HHV-6B is an underrecognized cause of febrile seizures in pediatrics. Selective screening for complex or prolonged seizures may enhance improve long-term outcomes. Until stronger evidence emerges, clinicians should interpret HHV-6B results within the broader clinical context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"5 4","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of dried blood spot vs. venous sample collection on SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results in the CLSA serological study of older Canadians","authors":"Jiacheng Chen ,&nbsp;Yuan Yu ,&nbsp;Steven J. Drews ,&nbsp;W. Alton Russell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Participant-collected dried blood spots (DBS), which can be returned using regular mail, are convenient for collecting samples for population serology studies. The impact of DBS sampling on assay performance remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We estimated the impact of using DBS samples on estimates of population SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels within a study of older Canadians.</div></div><div><h3>Study Design</h3><div>Analyzing data from 3 796 participants who provided DBS samples and 3 457 participants who provided venous samples, we estimated the impact of sample collection modality on odds of testing positive for anti-nucleocapsid antibodies (Anti-N) or for antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Anti-S) using the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassays. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting to control for differences between participants who provided DBS or venous samples, including sample collection date and participants’ age, vaccination status, and geographic location.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared to venous samples, DBS samples were less likely to be Anti-N positive (weighted risk ratio [RR]: 0.30, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.25–0.36) and less likely to be Anti-S positive (RR: 0.83, 95 % CI: 0.80–0.86). We estimate that using DBS for all participants would have underestimated seropositivity for anti-N antibodies (2.48 % using DBS; 8.32 % using venous) and anti-S antibodies (42.7 % using DBS; 51.6 % using venous).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>In population serology studies, DBS samples should only be used instead of venous blood draws when the impact on assay performance is well-characterized and appropriate adjustments are used to derive population seropositivity estimates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"5 4","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic reactogenicity is a correlate of MF59 adjuvant-moderated immunogenicity in influenza vaccinated children","authors":"Charlotte Switzer ,&nbsp;Chris P. Verschoor ,&nbsp;Eleanor Pullenayegum ,&nbsp;Pardeep Singh ,&nbsp;Mark Loeb","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adjuvanted influenza vaccine induces more robust antibody responses, but is associated with more adverse events following vaccination. Prior work has examined the link between vaccine reactions and immunogenicity in adults, but little is known about the association between reactogenicity and postvaccination antibody responses in children, particularly regarding adjuvanted influenza vaccine. This study examines the relationship between reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children vaccinated against influenza, and the immunomodulatory effects of the adjuvant.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a cluster-randomized trial of children aged 6 to 72 months from Canadian Hutterite colonies. Participants received either a trivalent MF59-adjuvanted vaccine (aTIV) or a quadrivalent non-adjuvanted vaccine (QIV). Reactogenicity was measured using a composite score based on local, systemic, and respiratory reactions recorded within five days post-vaccination. Immunogenicity was assessed by measuring hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers before and four weeks after vaccination. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations between reactogenicity scores and post-vaccination log-transformed HAI titers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In adjuvanted vaccinees, higher systemic reactogenicity scores were associated with increased antibody titers for A/H1N1 and B/Victoria, relative to nonadjuvanted vaccinees (β: 0.38, 95 % CI: 0.17 to 0.60; and (β: 0.44, 95 % CI: 0.24 to 0.64 respectively). Higher systemic reactogenicity in nonadjuvanted vaccinees correlated with reduced post-vaccination antibody titers for A/H1N1 (β:0.36, 95 % CI:0.54 to -0.18) and B/Victoria (β:0.37, 95 % CI:0.54 to -0.20). Respiratory reactogenicity was positively correlated with immunogenicity in responses to A/H3N2 in the adjuvanted group (β: 0.78, 95 % CI: 0.13 to 1.43). Local reactogenicity was associated with A/H1N1 immunogenicity, but showed no significant interaction with vaccine formulation (β: 0.25, 95 % CI: 0.04 to 0.47).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Systemic reactogenicity in adjuvanted vaccinees showed positive correlations with immunogenicity, whereas reactogenicity contributed to blunting of antibody responses in nonadjuvanted vaccinees. We found that stronger systemic reactions correlate with improved immune responses in the adjuvanted group against all vaccine strains save A/H3N2, which warrants further investigation. Our study finds that reactogenicity is a modest biomarker for vaccine immunogenicity, and that the increased reactogenicity of the adjuvanted vaccine is associated with enhanced immune responsiveness, which may predict greater vaccine effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"5 4","pages":"Article 100234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The immunogenicity of recombinant zoster vaccination in patients with secondary immunodeficiencies: a literature review","authors":"Stascha I. Kuipers ,&nbsp;Marjolein Knoester ,&nbsp;Carin L.E. Hazenberg ,&nbsp;Debbie van Baarle ,&nbsp;Marieke van der Heiden","doi":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcvp.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herpes zoster (HZ), caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, is characterized by painful rashes and severe complications. Immunocompromised individuals are at greater risk of developing HZ. Vaccination with the novel recombinant adjuvanted zoster subunit vaccine (RZV) proved highly effective in older adults and is considered safe in patients with secondary immunodeficiencies. This review summarizes the current evidence on efficacy and immunogenicity of RZV in patients with secondary immunodeficiencies and identifies factors associated with reduced immunogenicity.</div><div>RZV is highly immunogenic in patients with HIV and most haematological malignancies. Reduced responsiveness has been observed in patients with solid tumours, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, autologous haematopoietic cell transplants, and solid organ transplants. Reduced response is associated with Rituximab and post-transplantation immunosuppressive treatments, as well as immunosuppressive effects of solid tumours and chemotherapy. Future research should investigate whether personalised vaccination schedules, guided by biomarkers for immune function and treatment and/or transplantation schedules, may improve RZV responsiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical virology plus","volume":"5 4","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}