Analysis of contextual factors influencing the development of unplanned settlements: The case of Herat City, Afghanistan

Abstract

In Afghanistan, unplanned settlements are developed without government intervention. Several factors contribute to the appearance of these settlements, with studies indicating that over 70% of Afghanistan's cities lack proper planning. The aim of this study was to investigate contextual factors influencing the formation of unplanned settlements in Herat City using a qualitative research approach and semi-structured interviews. A variety of factors contributed significantly to the proliferation of unplanned settlements in Herat, including rapid urban population growth, poverty, corruption, bureaucratic obstacles, inadequate urban management capacity, a lack of citizen participation in urban planning, insufficient government support for low-income housing, the absence of clear legal frameworks for land ownership and housing, and cultural influences.