An emerging role of ferulic acid on sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Increasing protein digestion and regulating amino acid and oligopeptide transporters expression

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplement ferulic acid on growth performance, digestive ability and transport function of amino acids and oligopeptides in the intestine of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The experiment was divided into two parts: a. Digestion experiment: healthy grass carp (678.83±1.00 g) were divided into two groups: control group (0 mg/kg FA) and ferulic acid group (100 mg/kg FA) for 2 weeks; b. Growth experiment: healthy grass carp (678.83±1.00 g) were divided into five treatment groups, the control group (FA0) with no ferulic acid and the experimental group supplemented with ferulic acid 50 (FA50), 100 (FA100), 150 (FA150) and 200 (FA200) mg/kg feed for 9 weeks. The results showed that a. Ferulic acid supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat in grass carp. b. Ferulic acid supplementation improved the growth performance and feed efficiency (FE) of grass carp; increased the activities of trypsin and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase; and up-regulated the levels of mRNAs of some neutral and cationic (non-anionic) amino acid transporter proteins (Solute Carrier Family7member1 (SLC7A7), SLC7A8, etc.) and H⁺/oligopeptide transporter protein 1 (PepT1) gene and protein levels. In addition, ferulic acid promoted the gene expression levels of protein kinase B (Akt), target of rapamycin (TOR); up-regulated the mRNA levels of tail-side-associated homologous frame transcription factor 2 (Cdx2), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and transcriptional co-activator-specific protein 1 (Sp1), and down-regulated the gene and protein levels of protein kinase CβII (PKCβII). In a word, dietary ferulic acid promoted growth performance, digestion, as well as amino acid and oligopeptide transport capacities. Finally, based on regression analyses of percentage weight gain (PWG), FE, specific growth rate (SGR), intestine fold height, trypsin activity, and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, we recommend optimal supplementation levels of ferulic acid in sub-adult grass carp of 92.18–120.60 mg/kg diet.