Influence of module types on theoretical efficiency and aesthetics of colored photovoltaic modules with luminescent down-shifting layers

Abstract

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) are gaining recognition in urban settings for overcoming spatial constraints and enabling photovoltaic (PV) power generation. However, the dark appearance of traditional PV modules often hinders aesthetic integration and market adoption. To address this issue, research has focused on colored photovoltaic modules (CPMs) using a luminescent down-shifting layer (LDS) with high color purity and a broad color range. Despite advancements, most previous studies have focused on experimental implications, while the theoretical efficiency limits of LDS-based CPMs remain underexplored. The present manuscript aims to bridge this gap by elucidating the correlation between the optical characteristics of LDS-based CPMs and their desired color attributes, utilizing the Natural Color System (NCS) and CIELAB color space to rigorously explore the influence of color characteristics perceived by human observers. Furthermore, this study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of CPM performance across various module types, offering new insights into the field of BIPVs and providing valuable perspectives for their efficient and aesthetic integration into urban landscapes.