Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献

Unravelling the impact of molten carbonate corrosion at 700 °C and induced microstructural changes on the mechanical resistance of 347H austenitic steel 研究了700℃碳酸盐熔蚀及诱导的组织变化对347H奥氏体钢力学性能的影响

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114168

Loïc Oger, Alina Agüero, Pauline Audigié

The present study examines the influence of Li-Na-K molten carbonate corrosion at 700 °C for up to 1000 h on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behaviour of 347H Nb-stabilized austenitic stainless steel, a candidate material for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems coupled with Thermal Energy Storage (TES). Corrosion exposure led to the formation of a ∼130 μm-thick oxide scale, composed of a poorly adherent outer LiMnO₂/LiFeO₂ layer and a complex multi-phased internal oxidation zone (IOZ). During the corrosion process under laboratory air conditions, extensive carburization was observed. This is consistent with carbon species generated by molten carbonate decomposition, subsequently reduced at the alloy surface and preferentially reacting with Cr-rich phases. Qualitative EDX line scans revealed carbon penetration depths of up to ∼300 μm, consistent with the spatial distribution of Cr-rich carbides and with pronounced hardness gradients, decreasing from the IOZ toward the specimen core. Complementary thermal ageing experiments conducted at 700 °C in N₂ for 1000 h confirmed that these microstructural changes could not be attributed to thermal exposure alone, but were driven by carbonate-induced carbon ingress. Tensile testing revealed severe degradation of mechanical properties after corrosion exposure, with crack initiation predominantly occurring in the brittle oxide scale and propagation through carburized regions exhibiting reduced toughness and localized strain leading to brittle fracture. In contrast, thermally aged specimens showed only limited mechanical degradation. This integrated corrosion–mechanical approach provides a framework for assessing synergistic chemical and mechanical degradation in molten salt environments and should be considered for CSP-TES design.

本研究考察了Li-Na-K熔融碳酸盐在700°C下长达1000小时的腐蚀对347H nb稳定奥氏体不锈钢的显微组织演变和力学行为的影响，该不锈钢是与热储能（TES）相结合的聚光太阳能（CSP）系统的候选材料。腐蚀暴露导致形成约130 μm厚的氧化层，由附着较差的外LiMnO2/LiFeO2层和复杂的多相内氧化区（IOZ）组成。在实验室空气条件下的腐蚀过程中，观察到广泛的渗碳现象。这与熔融碳酸盐分解产生的碳相一致，随后在合金表面被还原，并优先与富cr相反应。定性EDX线扫描显示碳渗透深度可达~ 300 μm，与富cr碳化物的空间分布一致，硬度梯度明显，从IOZ向样品岩心递减。在700°C N2中进行的1000 h的补充热老化实验证实，这些微观结构的变化不能单独归因于热暴露，而是由碳酸盐诱导的碳进入驱动的。拉伸测试显示，腐蚀后的力学性能严重退化，裂纹主要发生在脆性氧化层，并通过渗碳区域扩展，韧性降低，局部应变导致脆性断裂。相比之下，热老化试样仅表现出有限的力学退化。这种综合腐蚀-机械方法为评估熔盐环境中化学和机械降解的协同作用提供了一个框架，应该在CSP-TES设计中加以考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Hierarchically structured and thermally robust perovskite solar cells with band-engineered double-hole layers 分层结构和热坚固的钙钛矿太阳能电池带工程双孔层

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114201

Md. Faiaad Rahman, Arpan Sur, Ahmed Zubair

Despite the promising optoelectronic properties of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃)-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their commercial viability is hindered by interfacial energy misalignment, suboptimal light absorption, and thermal instability. Here, we present a comprehensive theoretical framework to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of MAPbI₃ based PSC through integrated electronic and morphological engineering. Firstly, to address interfacial recombination and inefficient hole extraction at the perovskite/HTL junction, we introduced a double hole transport layer (HTL) stack comprising CuO and I₂O₅-doped Spiro-OMeTAD, which significantly improved energy level alignment and carrier selectivity. Comprehensive multiphysics simulations, combining finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical analysis with finite element method (FEM) based electrical and thermal modeling, demonstrated that optimized doping concentrations and thickness parameters within the CuO/Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport layers can enhance the PCE to 22.78%. However, planar architectures, while offering ease of fabrication and scalability, exhibit weak near-UV and near-infrared absorption, whereas nanostructures attain superior light trapping but incur significant fabrication complexity, underscoring the need for balanced design strategies. To address these inherent limitations, we propose a hierarchical ellipsoidal patterned solar cell (HEPSC), wherein a top-layer ellipsoidal nanostructure is introduced across the full device stack. This design enhances broadband light trapping and optical confinement throughout the active layers while maintaining fabrication feasibility through geometrically realistic structuring. The optimized HEPSC achieved a maximum PCE of 26.39%, with short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor reaching 29.29 mA/cm², 1.074 V, and 83.87%, respectively, under isothermal steady-state conditions. Finally, to assess the thermalization effect in the proposed design, a coupled opto-electro-thermal simulation reveals that the HEPSC retains 94.5% of its efficiency under non-isothermal conditions (up to 52 °C). Collectively, these strategies provide an integrated pathway for designing efficient, morphologically optimized, and thermally resilient next-generation thin-film PSCs.

尽管基于甲基碘化铅（MAPbI3）的钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）具有很好的光电性能，但其商业可行性受到界面能量失调、次优光吸收和热不稳定性的阻碍。在此，我们提出了一个综合的理论框架，通过集成电子和形态学工程来提高基于MAPbI3的PSC的功率转换效率（PCE）。首先，为了解决钙钛矿/HTL结的界面重组和低效空穴提取问题，我们引入了由CuO和i2o5掺杂的Spiro-OMeTAD组成的双空穴传输层（HTL）堆栈，该堆栈显著提高了能级对准和载流子选择性。综合多物理场模拟，结合时域有限差分（FDTD）光学分析和基于有限元法（FEM）的电学和热学建模，表明优化CuO/Spiro-OMeTAD空穴传输层的掺杂浓度和厚度参数可以将PCE提高到22.78%。然而，平面结构虽然易于制造和可扩展性，但表现出较弱的近紫外和近红外吸收，而纳米结构具有优越的光捕获能力，但会产生显着的制造复杂性，强调平衡设计策略的必要性。为了解决这些固有的限制，我们提出了一种分层椭球形图案太阳能电池（HEPSC），其中在整个器件堆栈中引入顶层椭球形纳米结构。该设计增强了整个有源层的宽带光捕获和光约束，同时通过几何逼真的结构保持了制造的可行性。优化后的HEPSC在等温稳态条件下的最大PCE为26.39%，短路电流密度、开路电压和填充因子分别达到29.29 mA/cm2、1.074 V和83.87%。最后，为了评估所提出设计中的热化效果，光电耦合模拟表明，HEPSC在非等温条件下（高达52°C）保持了94.5%的效率。总的来说，这些策略为设计高效、形态优化和热弹性的下一代薄膜psc提供了一条综合途径。

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引用次数: 0

AC impedance spectroscopy of c-Si solar cells with various rear contact configurations 不同后触点结构的c-Si太阳能电池的交流阻抗谱

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114199

Mohamed M. Shehata , Gabriel Bartholazzi , Christian Samundsett , Daniel H. Macdonald , Lachlan E. Black

This study explores the impact of various rear contact configurations on the AC impedance characteristics of p-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. We fabricated and examined six otherwise identical cell structures with varying rear contact configurations, including direct Ag/c-Si contacts and configurations with MoO_x or Al_yTiO_x/TiO_x/MoO_x interlayers, paired with Ag or ITO/Ag electrodes, in p-type c-Si solar cells with front homojunction contacts. The cells exhibited efficiencies ranging from 12.5 % to 22.5 % and were characterized using various electrical techniques, including current-density–voltage (J–V), external quantum efficiency (EQE), capacitance–voltage (C–V), capacitance–frequency (C–f), and impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements, in order to correlate photovoltaic performance with AC electrical features. We find that the influence of the rear contacts is clearly identifiable in the AC characteristics of the devices. In particular, these techniques uncovered variations in carrier lifetimes, junction behavior, the presence of ohmic or Schottky contacts, as well as allowing the identification of traps and revealing the influence of series resistance in fully metalized cells, all linked to the different rear contact configurations. These findings reveal the ability of AC impedance techniques to distinguish contributions from different regions of the device to overall performance, providing complementary information to conventional DC electrical techniques. As such, AC impedance serves as an important tool for contact development in c-Si solar cells, particularly for novel contact structures such as those utilizing transition metal oxides (TMOs).

本研究探讨了p型晶体硅（c-Si）太阳能电池的不同后触点配置对其交流阻抗特性的影响。我们在具有前均结触点的p型c-Si太阳能电池中制造并检测了6种具有不同后部触点配置的相同电池结构，包括直接Ag/c-Si触点和带有MoOx或AlyTiOx/TiOx/MoOx夹层的配置，并与Ag或ITO/Ag电极配对。这些电池的效率从12.5%到22.5%不等，并使用各种电学技术进行了表征，包括电流密度电压（J-V）、外部量子效率（EQE）、电容电压（C-V）、电容频率（C-f）和阻抗谱（IS）测量，以便将光伏性能与交流电学特征联系起来。我们发现，在设备的交流特性中，后方触点的影响是显而易见的。特别是，这些技术揭示了载流子寿命、结行为、欧姆或肖特基触点的存在的变化，以及允许识别陷阱和揭示全金属化电池中串联电阻的影响，所有这些都与不同的后触点配置有关。这些发现揭示了交流阻抗技术区分器件不同区域对整体性能的贡献的能力，为传统的直流电气技术提供了补充信息。因此，交流阻抗是c-Si太阳能电池中接触发展的重要工具，特别是对于那些利用过渡金属氧化物（TMOs）的新型接触结构。

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引用次数: 0

Integration of laser-induced firing with Ni/Cu plating for TOPCon solar cell metallization 激光诱导烧成与镀镍/镀铜相结合的TOPCon太阳能电池金属化研究

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114198

Jingyun Zhang , Xi Xi , Jianbo Shao , Yuhan Li , Zhipeng Liu , Meixian Huang , Song Zhang , Hongyan Lu , Fan Zhu , Yusen Qin , Jingjia Ji

Electroplating metallization technology excels in cost reduction and efficiency improvement of TOPCon solar cells. Laser-induced firing (LIF) is widely adopted to reduce contact resistance between metal electrodes and silicon. This paper innovatively applies LIF to TOPCon solar cells with electroplated Ni/Cu electrodes, aiming to further reduce carrier recombination and improve the efficiency of solar cells. Experiments demonstrated that applying LIF to TOPCon solar cells with Ni/Cu electroplated electrodes yielded an efficiency gain of 0.401 %_abs. and effectively repaired the open-circuit voltage (V_oc) loss. Additionally, this paper investigates the different timings for implementing LIF during Ni/Cu electrode fabrication and proposes a novel approach for preparing Ni/Cu-plated TOPCon cells by replacing the traditional Ni-sintering step with LIF. Further optimization of the reverse voltage parameters of LIF has increased the efficiency of TOPCon solar cells with Ni/Cu electroplated electrodes to 24.74 %, representing a 0.45 %_abs. improvement over devices without LIF, and with an average V_oc increase of 0.86 mV. The precise thermal effect of LIF enhances interfacial contact within the Ni/Cu electrode, improves contact uniformity, and aids in repairing residual laser ablation damages within the semiconductor. LIF provides a novel technical pathway for fabricating high-performance TOPCon cells.

电镀金属化技术在TOPCon太阳能电池的成本降低和效率提高方面表现突出。激光诱导烧制（LIF）被广泛用于降低金属电极与硅之间的接触电阻。本文创新性地将LIF应用于电镀Ni/Cu电极的TOPCon太阳能电池，旨在进一步减少载流子复合，提高太阳能电池效率。实验表明，将LIF应用于镀Ni/Cu电极的TOPCon太阳能电池，可获得0.401%的效率增益。有效地修复了开路电压（Voc）损耗。此外，本文还研究了在Ni/Cu电极制造过程中实现LIF的不同时机，并提出了一种用LIF取代传统的Ni烧结步骤来制备Ni/Cu镀TOPCon电池的新方法。进一步优化LIF的反向电压参数，使镀Ni/Cu电极的TOPCon太阳能电池的效率提高到24.74%，abs为0.45%。与没有LIF的器件相比，改善了，平均Voc增加了0.86 mV。LIF的精确热效应增强了Ni/Cu电极内部的界面接触，改善了接触均匀性，有助于修复半导体内部的残余激光烧蚀损伤。LIF为制造高性能TOPCon电池提供了一种新的技术途径。

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引用次数: 0

Circuit model-driven investigation of hot-spot behavior in n-type TBC photovoltaic modules 电路模型驱动的n型TBC光伏组件热点行为研究

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114179

Kangping Zhang , Zibo Zhou , Jiadong Li , Min Zhang , Xin Ju , Jilu Zhang , Pei-Chieh Hsiao , Dong Yao , HuaFu Shu , Yuanzhe Wu , Jiang Liu , Yan Wu , Jianfang Dai , Lingzhi Li , Wangli Liu , Chuanpeng Yao , Xingxing Xu , Yanan Sun , Yiming Ji , Jianfei Zheng , Dengyuan Song

Against the backdrop of the global energy transition and the ever-growing demand for high-performance photovoltaic (PV) technologies, n-type TOPCon back contact (TBC) modules have witnessed rapid expansion in application scale, thanks to their advantages such as front-side shading-free design and high conversion efficiency. However, industrialized TBC solar cells generally exhibit low shunt resistance, leading to the failure of researchers to effectively identify the hot-spot risks of such modules when conducting tests in accordance with the IEC 61215 MQT09 method. Consequently, the evaluation process is time-consuming with poor accuracy. To address this limitation, this study proposes a two-stage collaborative approach at the substring-module level. At the substring level, an equivalent circuit model was established to simulate the power dissipation characteristics under different local shading scenarios. Meanwhile, the correlation between power consumption and temperature during hot-spot formation was determined through experiments. The results demonstrate that the temperature trend predicted by the substring model is basically consistent with that of the TBC module. Furthermore, the maximum temperature of the module during outdoor hot-spot occurrence aligns with the expectations verified by the substring model, which confirms the model's accuracy and practical reliability. This two-stage collaborative approach can effectively identify the hot-spot risks of TBC modules, thereby providing an efficient and cost-effective technical method for the hot-spot reliability screening of n-type TBC PV modules.

在全球能源转型和对高性能光伏技术需求不断增长的背景下，n型TOPCon背接触（TBC）模块凭借其正面无遮阳设计、转换效率高等优势，应用规模迅速扩大。然而，工业化TBC太阳能电池通常具有较低的分流电阻，导致研究人员在按照IEC 61215 MQT09方法进行测试时无法有效识别此类模块的热点风险。因此，评估过程耗时且准确性差。为了解决这一限制，本研究提出了子串模块级别的两阶段协作方法。在子串层面，建立了等效电路模型，模拟了不同局部遮阳场景下的功率耗散特性。同时，通过实验确定了热斑形成过程中功耗与温度的相关关系。结果表明，子串模型预测的温度趋势与TBC模型预测的温度趋势基本一致。此外，模块在室外热点发生时的最高温度与子串模型验证的期望值一致，验证了模型的准确性和实际可靠性。这种两阶段协同方法可以有效识别TBC组件的热点风险，从而为n型TBC光伏组件的热点可靠性筛选提供了一种高效、经济的技术方法。

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引用次数: 0

Combining physical- and scenario-based modeling to identify tolerable degradation rates of perovskite in monolithic two-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem modules 结合物理和基于场景的建模，确定单片双端钙钛矿/硅串联模块中钙钛矿的可容忍降解率

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114169

Youri Blom, Rudi Santbergen, Olindo Isabella, Malte Ruben Vogt

As crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells approach their theoretical efficiency limit, the perovskite/silicon (PerSi) tandem technology offers a promising solution for further improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules. However, as perovskite cells are facing stability issues, it is unclear whether PerSi modules will have a larger lifetime energy yield (LEY) than c-Si modules. In this work, we present a novel methodology to simulate the LEY of PerSi tandem devices, accounting for environmental stress factor-dependent degradation across four different climates. Our approach combines a physics-based analytical degradation model for components shared with c-Si modules and a scenario-based degradation model for the perovskite top cell. This method enables us to identify the tolerable degradation rate (

k_{t o l}

) of the perovskite cell under different scenarios and climatic conditions. We find that

k_{t o l}

is lowest when degradation occurs in the short-circuit current, reaching a minimum value of 1.2% per year in Delft (the Netherlands). Additionally, we demonstrate that

k_{t o l}

inversely depends on the module lifetime, reaching values up 7.6% per year in Lagos (Nigeria). Moreover, we show that module efficiency (

η_{m o d}

) significantly impacts

k_{t o l}

. For instance, increasing

η_{m o d}

from 28.0% to 32.9% raises

k_{t o l}

by approximately 50%. Additionally, we propose a simplified model that can predict

k_{t o l}

without the computationally intensive simulations, which has a root-mean-square error of 0.34% per year. Lastly, environmental impact assessments reveal that PerSi modules are more sustainable in all impact categories when the degradation rate is 80% of

k_{t o l}

for LEY.

随着晶体硅（c-Si）太阳能电池接近其理论效率极限，钙钛矿/硅（PerSi）串联技术为进一步提高光伏（PV）组件的效率提供了一个有前途的解决方案。然而，由于钙钛矿电池面临稳定性问题，目前尚不清楚PerSi模块是否会比c-Si模块具有更大的寿命能量产量（LEY）。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的方法来模拟PerSi串联装置的LEY，考虑了四种不同气候条件下环境应力因子依赖的退化。我们的方法结合了与c-Si模块共享的组件的基于物理的分析降解模型和钙钛矿顶部电池的基于场景的降解模型。该方法使我们能够确定钙钛矿电池在不同场景和气候条件下的可容忍降解率（ktol）。我们发现，当短路电流发生退化时，ktol最低，在代尔夫特（荷兰）达到每年1.2%的最低值。此外，我们证明了ktol与模块寿命成反比，在拉各斯（尼日利亚）达到每年7.6%的值。此外，我们发现模块效率（ηmod）显著影响ktol。例如，将ηmod从28.0%增加到32.9%，ktol将增加约50%。此外，我们提出了一个简化的模型，可以预测ktol无需计算密集的模拟，其均方根误差为每年0.34%。最后，环境影响评估显示，当LEY的降解率为ktol的80%时，PerSi模块在所有影响类别中都更具可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Amorphous WO3 electrochromic devices enhanced with embedded graphene micro-islands and Li-doped tough hydrogel for efficient dual-band modulation 嵌入石墨烯微岛和锂掺杂坚韧水凝胶增强的无晶态WO3电致变色器件，用于高效双波段调制

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114193

Qinghe Zhou , Wangwang Cai , Tanghao Zheng , Xusheng Wang , Feng Yang , Huaixia Zhao , Yangxin Wang

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) are promising candidates for smart windows in energy-efficient buildings. However, challenges such as slow response speed and inadequate durability have restricted their widespread adoption. In this study, an innovative graphene-doped amorphous WO₃ ECD with a solid gel electrolyte has been fabricated. Poly N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) hydrogel containing poly(AMPS-AA) and LiBr was used as the electrolyte layer, and WO₃ film with graphene islands was used as the electrochromic layer. This hydrogel electrolyte has great physical strength with breaking elongation of 1140 % and breaking strength of 0.25 MPa. Due to the high transport ability of the sulfonate ion in the AMPS structure within the hydrogel net, this tough hydrogel has high ion transport capability. The graphene micro-islands are integrated into the WO₃ layer during the fabrication process, which can not only offer more space for ion transport but also markedly boost electron transport kinetics. The resulted ECD as designed has a low driving voltage of −1.5 V. It demonstrates impressive transmittance modulation amplitudes (ΔT) of 52.3 % at 630 nm (visible light) and 48.7 % at 1560 nm (near-infrared light). Moreover, the ECD shows long-term memory effect. The transmittance of the colored film at 630 nm increases by only 8.9 % and 18.6 % after power off for 8 h and 24 h, respectively. After 1000 cycles of operation, ΔT remains 84.5 % of its initial modulation amplitude, attesting to the ECD's good cyclic stability. This strategy might open a new door for the development of smart windows.

电致变色器件（ECDs）是节能建筑智能窗户的理想选择。然而，诸如响应速度慢和耐久性不足等挑战限制了它们的广泛采用。在本研究中，制备了一种具有固体凝胶电解质的新型石墨烯掺杂无定形WO3 ECD。采用含有聚（AMPS-AA）和LiBr的聚N，N-二甲基丙烯酰胺（DMA）水凝胶作为电解质层，采用具有石墨烯岛的WO3薄膜作为电致变色层。该水凝胶电解质具有良好的物理强度，断裂伸长率为1140%，断裂强度为0.25 MPa。由于AMPS结构中磺酸盐离子在水凝胶网中的高输运能力，这种坚韧的水凝胶具有高离子输运能力。在制备过程中，将石墨烯微岛集成到WO3层中，不仅可以提供更多的离子传输空间，还可以显著提高电子传输动力学。所设计的ECD具有- 1.5 V的低驱动电压。它显示了令人印象深刻的透射率调制幅度（ΔT），在630 nm（可见光）为52.3%，在1560 nm（近红外光）为48.7%。此外，ECD表现出长期记忆效应。关闭电源8 h和24 h后，彩色薄膜在630 nm处的透光率分别仅增加8.9%和18.6%。经过1000次循环后，ΔT仍保持其初始调制幅度的84.5%，证明ECD具有良好的循环稳定性。这一策略可能为智能窗的发展打开一扇新的大门。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and machine learning investigation of a solar air heater with a novel compact thermal absorber design 新型紧凑吸热体太阳能空气加热器的实验与机器学习研究

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114184

Abid Ustaoglu , Mustafa Sabri Gok , Bülent Yeşilata , Kasım Ozacar , Zeyad Amjed , Tayfun Altiok , Alaattin Metin Kaya , Fatih Kocyigit

This study presents the development and evaluation of a novel and sustainable solar air heater (SAH) incorporating an enhanced compact heat-absorbing structure made from recycled aluminum radiator fins, designed to improve thermal and exergetic-performance while promoting material-reuse and sustainability. The reuse of waste radiator materials provides a multilayered-fin configuration that increases the effective heat-transfer surface area, enhances turbulence, and reduces overall heat loss without additional manufacturing cost. A comparative methodology was employed to assess the influence of this compact thermal-storage element on SAH performance under typical Autumn and Spring conditions. The baseline and modified SAH models were evaluated using dimensionless performance parameters and validated through experimental testing. The average thermal-efficiency of the baseline system was 64.81 %, while the compact heat-exchanger-integrated system reached 78.54 %, indicating a significant improvement of about 13.7 percentage points (21 % relative increase). Furthermore, the oriented-configuration (ochxSAH) provided an additional 3.23 percentage points improvement, corresponding to a further 4 % performance gain. The heat loss rate for chxSAH increase 5.9 % that accompanied a much larger rise in useful heat-gain, confirming improved energy utilization efficiency. These gains were achieved through the improved energy-saving capacity of the recycled radiator-based absorber and its ability to maintain higher outlet temperatures. To complement the experimental study, a machine-learning (ML) approach was applied to predict SAH efficiency. The ML results validated the superior thermal and exergy performance of the sustainable SAH design, demonstrating that integrating waste-material-based compact heat exchangers can enhance system efficiency while supporting circular-economy principles in solar-thermal technologies.

本研究介绍了一种新型可持续太阳能空气加热器（SAH）的开发和评估，该加热器采用了由回收铝散热器翅片制成的增强型紧凑吸热结构，旨在提高热性能和运动性能，同时促进材料的再利用和可持续性。废弃散热器材料的再利用提供了多层翅片结构，增加了有效的传热表面积，增强了湍流，减少了总体热量损失，而无需额外的制造成本。在典型的秋季和春季条件下，采用比较方法评估了这种紧凑的储热元件对SAH性能的影响。基线模型和改进的SAH模型使用无因次性能参数进行评估，并通过实验测试进行验证。基线系统的平均热效率为64.81%，而紧凑型热交换器集成系统的平均热效率为78.54%，显著提高约13.7个百分点（相对提高21%）。此外，定向配置（ochxSAH）提供了额外的3.23个百分点的改进，相当于进一步提高了4%的性能。chxSAH的热损失率增加了5.9%，伴随着有用热增益的大幅增加，证实了能源利用效率的提高。这些收益是通过提高基于回收散热器的吸收器的节能能力和保持较高出口温度的能力来实现的。为了补充实验研究，采用机器学习（ML）方法预测SAH效率。ML结果验证了可持续SAH设计的优越热用性能，表明集成基于废物的紧凑型热交换器可以提高系统效率，同时支持太阳能热技术的循环经济原则。

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引用次数: 0

Localized gallium doping assisted by ultraviolet laser and silicon paste in selective emitter for high-efficiency TOPCon solar cells 紫外激光辅助下局部镓掺杂和硅浆料在选择性发射极中的应用

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114192

Ziye Chen , Long Yan , Dacheng Hao , Hai Zhou , Shuangyu Liu , Zhirong Yao , Rulong Chen , Yang Yang , Feng Qian , Honglie Shen , Juan Hong

The selective emitter (SE) structure formed by localized boron (B) doping is crucial for reducing the contact resistance and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the heavy B doping layer in silicon (Si) also has some problems such as light-induced degradation (LID) and doping attenuation in contact layer. Instead, this study presents a novel gallium (Ga)-doped SE structure prepared via Ga-doped Si paste and ultraviolet (UV) laser. According to the simulation by Materials Studio, the bonding force between Ga-oxygen (O) bonds is obviously weaker than that between B-O bonds, which reveals the reason why Ga instead of B can solve the problem of LID. Ga-doped Si paste is used as the doping source, and the diffusion effects of Ga atoms assisted by UV laser and green laser are compared. As assisted by UV laser, the maximum doping concentration of Ga atoms can reach 3.31 × 10¹⁹ cm⁻³, and the highest junction depth is nearly 0.7 μm. At the same time, the problem of doping attenuation in contact layer is well solved. When combined with Ga-doped SE structure in the optimized tunneling oxide passivation contact (TOPCon) solar cells production line, the average PCE reaches up to 25.56 %, marking an improvement of 0.15 % over the standard cell production line. In this paper, the diffusion mechanism of Ga atoms in Si is well expounded, which is beneficial to enhancing the efficiency of TOPCon solar cells.

局域硼(B)掺杂形成的选择性发射极（SE）结构对于降低接触电阻和提高光电转换效率（PCE）至关重要。然而，硅（Si）中的重B掺杂层也存在光致降解（LID）和接触层掺杂衰减等问题。相反，本研究提出了一种新的镓（Ga）掺杂SE结构，通过掺镓硅浆料和紫外线（UV）激光制备。根据Materials Studio的模拟，Ga-氧(O)键之间的结合力明显弱于B-O键之间的结合力，这也揭示了为什么用Ga代替B可以解决LID的问题。以掺Ga的Si浆料为掺杂源，比较了紫外激光和绿色激光辅助下Ga原子的扩散效果。在紫外激光辅助下，Ga原子的最大掺杂浓度可达3.31 × 1019 cm−3，最高结深接近0.7 μm。同时很好地解决了接触层掺杂衰减的问题。在优化的隧道氧化物钝化接触（TOPCon）太阳能电池生产线中，与掺ga SE结构相结合，平均PCE达到25.56%，比标准电池生产线提高了0.15%。本文较好地阐述了Ga原子在Si中的扩散机理，有利于提高TOPCon太阳能电池的效率。

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引用次数: 0

Dual-helix weighting-driven 4D-CES: A new framework for multi-objective optimization of CO2 mixtures solar thermal power generation systems 双螺旋加权驱动4D-CES: CO2混合光热发电系统多目标优化新框架

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114182

Qingqiang Meng , Lihua Cao , Heyong Si

The Brayton cycle utilizing CO₂-based mixed working fluids enhances solar photothermal conversion efficiency while preserving the original system architecture. However, during system optimization, the allocation of weights for various evaluation indicators and the shortcomings of the comprehensive evaluation system remain bottlenecks that hinder the multi-objective optimization of mixed working fluid solar thermal power systems. Based on this, the article employs the proposed Double-Helix weighting mechanism to construct a Four-Dimensional Comprehensive Evaluation System (4D-CES). The optimization of the solar thermal power system is achieved by screening additives and determining operating parameters. Subsequently, a key factor analysis is conducted, and the performance differences of the mixed working fluid are explored from a thermodynamic perspective. The results show that the weight distribution in the 4D-CES is dominated by technology (29.93 %) and economy (27.89 %), with a focus on energy efficiency and cost control, while also considering environmental (19.21 %) and social responsibility (22.97 %) benefits. Among all working fluids, CO₂-Propane stands out with a high closeness value of 0.755 under this weight distribution, with optimal turbine inlet temperature, pressure, and split ratio values of 823.12K, 26.58 MPa, and 0.242, respectively. Additionally, CO₂-Propane mix enhances energy density with high entropy and specific heat.

Brayton循环利用基于二氧化碳的混合工作流体，在保留原有系统结构的同时提高了太阳能光热转换效率。然而，在系统优化过程中，各种评价指标的权重分配和综合评价体系的不足仍然是阻碍混合工质光热发电系统多目标优化的瓶颈。在此基础上，本文采用提出的双螺旋加权机制构建四维综合评价体系（4D-CES）。通过筛选添加剂和确定运行参数，实现了太阳能热发电系统的优化。随后，进行关键因素分析，从热力学角度探讨混合工质的性能差异。结果表明，4D-CES的权重分布以技术（29.93%）和经济（27.89%）为主，主要考虑能源效率和成本控制，同时也考虑环境（19.21%）和社会责任（22.97%）效益。在所有工作流体中，co2 -丙烷在该重量分布下的紧密度值较高，达到0.755，涡轮进口温度、压力和分流比的最佳值分别为823.12K、26.58 MPa和0.242。此外，二氧化碳-丙烷混合物通过高熵和比热提高了能量密度。

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引用次数: 0