Modus Darwin redux

IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI:10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.09.009
Christopher Stephens
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Abstract

How should we evaluate Darwin and Wallace's arguments for common ancestry over separate ancestry? Elliott Sober defends a likelihood reconstruction of Darwin's reasoning that he dubs modus Darwin: similarity, therefore common ancestry. One assumption of Sober's approach is that separate ancestors have traits that are probabilistically independent. I motivate an objection to this assumption by appeal to 19th century naturalist alternatives such as those of Geoffroy and Owen. On Geoffroy and Owen's separate ancestry models, the ancestors can have traits that are probabilistically dependent. I then prove a generalization of Sober's approach that allows for similarity matching among traits to favour common ancestry over separate ancestry even when the traits of the separate ancestors are probabilistically dependent. I consider Helgeson's recent criticisms of Sober's approach and his alternative interpretation of Darwin's reasoning: more similar, hence, more recent common ancestry. I defend Sober's approach against Helgeson's objections.
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达尔文模式再现
我们应该如何评价达尔文和华莱士关于共同祖先而非分离祖先的论点?埃利奥特-索伯(Elliott Sober)为达尔文推理的可能性重建进行了辩护,他称之为达尔文模式(modus Darwin):相似性,因此是共同祖先。索伯方法的一个假设是,不同祖先的特征在概率上是独立的。我对这一假设提出了反对意见,并引用了 19 世纪博物学家的替代方案,如杰弗里和欧文的方案。在杰弗里和欧文的独立祖先模型中,祖先的性状可以是概率依赖的。然后,我证明了索伯方法的一种概括,即即使在不同祖先的特征是概率依赖的情况下,特征之间的相似性匹配也能使共同祖先优于分离祖先。我考虑了海尔格森最近对索伯方法的批评以及他对达尔文推理的另一种解释:相似性越高,因此共同祖先越新。针对海尔格森的反对意见,我将为索伯的方法辩护。
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来源期刊
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 管理科学-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
2.50
自引率
10.00%
发文量
166
审稿时长
6.6 weeks
期刊介绍: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science is devoted to the integrated study of the history, philosophy and sociology of the sciences. The editors encourage contributions both in the long-established areas of the history of the sciences and the philosophy of the sciences and in the topical areas of historiography of the sciences, the sciences in relation to gender, culture and society and the sciences in relation to arts. The Journal is international in scope and content and publishes papers from a wide range of countries and cultural traditions.
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