Dwarfism mechanism in Malus clonal rootstocks.

IF 3.6 3区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Planta Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI:10.1007/s00425-024-04561-5
Pramod Verma, Naveen Chand Sharma, Dharam Paul Sharma, Pankaj Kumar, Kripal Chand, Hrithik Thakur
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Abstract

Main conclusion: The dwarfing mechanism in apple clonal rootstocks is driven by complex interactions between anatomical, hormonal, genetic, and phenolic factors, offering potential for advanced genetic manipulation to optimize tree size and enhance orchard productivity. The widespread adoption of dwarfing rootstocks is pivotal to modern commercial apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) orchards due to their ability to control tree size, shorten the juvenile period, and enhance reproductive growth and overall productivity. The underlying mechanisms of rootstock-induced dwarfism are multifaceted and involve interactions between phenotypic, anatomical, genetic, and phytohormonal factors. This review consolidates current understanding, highlighting the importance of auxin (IAA), cytokinins (CKs), gibberellins (GAs), and abscisic acid (ABA) in mediating growth suppression through impaired transport and hormone signaling. The phenotypic impacts, including reduced root growth, shorter sylleptic shoots, and higher floral bud densities, are discussed alongside genetic loci such as Dw1, Dw2, and Dw3, and the influence of key genes/TFs like MdWRKY9, RGL, and PIN. Anatomically, dwarf rootstocks exhibit a higher bark-to-wood ratio and restricted hydraulic conductivity, which contribute to reduced scion vigour. Furthermore, the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the graft union of dwarfing rootstocks further modulates the growth inhibition. These insights lay the groundwork for advanced molecular breeding strategies, incorporating gene-editing technologies to improve dwarf rootstock development, providing avenues for enhanced orchard management and apple productivity.

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黄桷树克隆砧木的矮化机制
主要结论苹果克隆砧木的矮化机制是由解剖学、激素、遗传和酚类因素之间复杂的相互作用驱动的,为先进的遗传操作提供了优化树体大小和提高果园生产力的潜力。矮化砧木的广泛采用对现代商业苹果(Malus × domestica Borkh)果园至关重要,因为它们能够控制树体大小、缩短幼树期、提高生殖生长和整体生产力。根茎诱导矮化的内在机制是多方面的,涉及表型、解剖、遗传和植物激素因素之间的相互作用。本综述巩固了目前的认识,强调了辅助素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CKs)、赤霉素(GAs)和脱落酸(ABA)通过受损的运输和激素信号传导介导生长抑制的重要性。本文讨论了矮化根瘤对表型的影响,包括根系生长减弱、幼芽变短和花芽密度增加,同时还讨论了 Dw1、Dw2 和 Dw3 等遗传位点以及 MdWRKY9、RGL 和 PIN 等关键基因/TF 的影响。从解剖学角度看,矮化砧木的树皮与木质部比率较高,导水性受限,这导致接穗活力降低。此外,矮化砧木嫁接结合部酚类化合物的积累进一步调节了生长抑制作用。这些见解为先进的分子育种策略奠定了基础,结合基因编辑技术改善矮化砧木的发展,为提高果园管理水平和苹果生产力提供了途径。
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来源期刊
Planta
Planta 生物-植物科学
CiteScore
7.20
自引率
2.30%
发文量
217
审稿时长
2.3 months
期刊介绍: Planta publishes timely and substantial articles on all aspects of plant biology. We welcome original research papers on any plant species. Areas of interest include biochemistry, bioenergy, biotechnology, cell biology, development, ecological and environmental physiology, growth, metabolism, morphogenesis, molecular biology, new methods, physiology, plant-microbe interactions, structural biology, and systems biology.
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