{"title":"Metabolomics of Withania somnifera L. extracts by an integrated LC-MS and NMR approach and evaluation of their tyrosinase inhibitory activity","authors":"Luciana Maria Polcaro , Antonietta Cerulli , Milena Masullo , Sonia Piacente","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116520","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Withania somnifera</em> L. (Solanaceae), for over 3000 years, has been considered an essential herb in Ayurvedic medicine. The roots of <em>W. somnifera</em> contain metabolites mainly belonging to steroidal lactones called withanolides, which possess various pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Since the demand on the market for <em>W. somnifera</em> extracts is increasing, with the aim to find an ecological and environmentally friendly strategy of extraction, the roots were submitted to different extraction techniques (macerations, ultrasound-assisted extraction and solid-liquid dynamic extraction) using EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O 50:50, 75:25, 100:0. <em>W. somnifera</em> extracts were investigated by an integrated LC-ESI/QExactive/MS/MS and NMR approach to obtain comprehensive metabolite profiles. Principal Component Analysis of LC-MS and NMR data revealed how the extraction method and the solvent can affect the chemical profile of the extracts. Extracts obtained by maceration exhibited the highest amount of withanolides and withanosides, while the SLDE-Naviglio EtOH extract showed the highest amount of metabolites as benzoic acid, tropane alkaloids and sarcosine, reported for their CNS activity. Moreover, based on the use of this plant in the treatment of neurological disorders, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of all the extracts was herein tested by spectrophotometric assay, showing IC<sub>50</sub> values in a range of 32.86–85.36 µg/ml.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708524005624","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae), for over 3000 years, has been considered an essential herb in Ayurvedic medicine. The roots of W. somnifera contain metabolites mainly belonging to steroidal lactones called withanolides, which possess various pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Since the demand on the market for W. somnifera extracts is increasing, with the aim to find an ecological and environmentally friendly strategy of extraction, the roots were submitted to different extraction techniques (macerations, ultrasound-assisted extraction and solid-liquid dynamic extraction) using EtOH:H2O 50:50, 75:25, 100:0. W. somnifera extracts were investigated by an integrated LC-ESI/QExactive/MS/MS and NMR approach to obtain comprehensive metabolite profiles. Principal Component Analysis of LC-MS and NMR data revealed how the extraction method and the solvent can affect the chemical profile of the extracts. Extracts obtained by maceration exhibited the highest amount of withanolides and withanosides, while the SLDE-Naviglio EtOH extract showed the highest amount of metabolites as benzoic acid, tropane alkaloids and sarcosine, reported for their CNS activity. Moreover, based on the use of this plant in the treatment of neurological disorders, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of all the extracts was herein tested by spectrophotometric assay, showing IC50 values in a range of 32.86–85.36 µg/ml.
期刊介绍：
This journal is an international medium directed towards the needs of academic, clinical, government and industrial analysis by publishing original research reports and critical reviews on pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. It covers the interdisciplinary aspects of analysis in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and clinical sciences, including developments in analytical methodology, instrumentation, computation and interpretation. Submissions on novel applications focusing on drug purity and stability studies, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic monitoring, metabolic profiling; drug-related aspects of analytical biochemistry and forensic toxicology; quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry are also welcome.
Studies from areas of well established and poorly selective methods, such as UV-VIS spectrophotometry (including derivative and multi-wavelength measurements), basic electroanalytical (potentiometric, polarographic and voltammetric) methods, fluorimetry, flow-injection analysis, etc. are accepted for publication in exceptional cases only, if a unique and substantial advantage over presently known systems is demonstrated. The same applies to the assay of simple drug formulations by any kind of methods and the determination of drugs in biological samples based merely on spiked samples. Drug purity/stability studies should contain information on the structure elucidation of the impurities/degradants.
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