Removal efficiencies for 52 pesticides and pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluent by coupling solar heterogeneous photo-oxidation with TiO2 and infiltration in saturated soil column.

Abstract

Water resource management has become a hot button issue in recent decades. Countries facing water shortages as a result to climate change must adapt their water supply. The reuse of wastewater treatment plant effluents is becoming increasingly common around the world. However, the effluent quality must be improved before its reutilization to avoid contamination of the receiving environment. Pharmaceuticals and pesticides are particularly monitored because of their ubiquitous behaviours and limited removal by conventional wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to combine heterogeneous photo-oxidation with TiO₂ and soil infiltration to increase the elimination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). These advanced treatments were applied on an effluent coming from a WWTP equipped with a Ultrafor membrane bioreactor (sludge ages: 8-30 days, biomass concentration: 8-12 g.L^-1, hydraulic retention: 6.7-8 h). The concentration of CECs was determined to evaluate the efficiency of coupling treatments. Photo-oxidation alone showed an impressive 98 % removal under spring conditions, while 66 % removal was observed under winter conditions. The differences observed for photo-oxidation were related to UV flux density, lower in winter than in spring (4.4 kJ.L^-1 vs 6.6 kJ.L^-1) and initial concentrations of the effluent higher in winter (50 μg.L^-1 vs 26 μg.L^-1). For both experiments, additional soil infiltration increased the global concentration of CECs removal to at least 89 % with equal removal contributions observed for some compounds. From the 52 CECs quantified in the WWTP effluent, at least 30 were totally removed by the advanced treatments while 4 compounds showed recalcitrant behaviours with global removal <60 %.