{"title":"The LHCb VELO detector: Design, operation and first results","authors":"David Friday, LHCb","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170028","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design, operation and first results from the LHCb (Large Hadron Collider Beauty) experiment Upgrade I VELO (VErtex LOcator) are presented. The Upgrade I VELO, first installed in 2022, is a crucial new detector for providing tracking during Runs III and IV of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The VELO, consisting of 52 modules, closes to within 5.1 mm of the beamline. Each VELO module is made up of 4 sensors with 3, 130 nm CMOS ASICs per sensor providing precise tracking (Alves et al., 2013). The modules have a novel bi-phase CO<sub>2</sub> cooling substrate for reducing the radiation length of the detector while providing cooling under vacuum down to <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>30</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>C. A new FPGA based SuperPixel clustering firmware reduces the data-rate by approximately 30% and is the first use of FPGA clustering in a collider experiment. During the VELO 2022–2024 commissioning period the SuperPixel performance has been validated, showing consistent rates between the packet rate and reconstructed clusters. The VELO material has been mapped confirming the safe re-installation of the RF (Radio Frequency) foil with respect to the VELO modules. Per-pixel equalisation across 41M channels has also been completed successfully reaching the design threshold of 1000 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900224009549","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The design, operation and first results from the LHCb (Large Hadron Collider Beauty) experiment Upgrade I VELO (VErtex LOcator) are presented. The Upgrade I VELO, first installed in 2022, is a crucial new detector for providing tracking during Runs III and IV of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The VELO, consisting of 52 modules, closes to within 5.1 mm of the beamline. Each VELO module is made up of 4 sensors with 3, 130 nm CMOS ASICs per sensor providing precise tracking (Alves et al., 2013). The modules have a novel bi-phase CO2 cooling substrate for reducing the radiation length of the detector while providing cooling under vacuum down to C. A new FPGA based SuperPixel clustering firmware reduces the data-rate by approximately 30% and is the first use of FPGA clustering in a collider experiment. During the VELO 2022–2024 commissioning period the SuperPixel performance has been validated, showing consistent rates between the packet rate and reconstructed clusters. The VELO material has been mapped confirming the safe re-installation of the RF (Radio Frequency) foil with respect to the VELO modules. Per-pixel equalisation across 41M channels has also been completed successfully reaching the design threshold of 1000 .
期刊介绍:
Section A of Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research publishes papers on design, manufacturing and performance of scientific instruments with an emphasis on large scale facilities. This includes the development of particle accelerators, ion sources, beam transport systems and target arrangements as well as the use of secondary phenomena such as synchrotron radiation and free electron lasers. It also includes all types of instrumentation for the detection and spectrometry of radiations from high energy processes and nuclear decays, as well as instrumentation for experiments at nuclear reactors. Specialized electronics for nuclear and other types of spectrometry as well as computerization of measurements and control systems in this area also find their place in the A section.
Theoretical as well as experimental papers are accepted.