Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170071
Hai Wan, Luying Yang, Xiaofei Jiang
There are usually two kinds of experiment methods for neutron spectrum measurement by Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS). The first is to use only one Bonner sphere (BS) at a time to complete the neutron experiment by repeated measurements; The other is to measure multiple Bonner spheres (BSs) together, and this multi-sphere simultaneous measurement method can complete the neutron experiment only once. The single sphere measurement method cannot guarantee that the measurement environment is completely consistent every time, which leads to inevitable measurement errors. The multi-sphere simultaneous measurement method can ensure the same experimental environment for each sphere, but there will be cross-talking. This paper studies the influence of cross-talking on BSS. Firstly, we use Geant4 to simulate the corresponding neutron response function with and without cross-talking, and analyze the error between the two neutron response functions. Secondly, the neutron count of neutron source experiment is simulated. Considering that the BSS is close to the floor, the neutron counting error of BS with and without cross-talking and floor scattering is calculated. Finally, we actually measure the neutron source using a BSS and obtain 8 neutron counts. The spectrum of neutron source is obtained by calibrating the influence of cross-talking. The results show that the scattered neutrons which affect the count of BS are mainly the primary scattered neutrons, which account for more than 90% of all scattered neutrons. The scattered neutrons mainly affect the neutron response function of the large BS in the high energy domain and the small BS in the low energy domain. The cross-talking has a great influence on the neutron count of large and small BS, while the floor scattering has a great influence only on the small BS. The neutron spectrum obtained by calibrated neutron counts is more accurate than that obtained by the original experiment counts. Especially in the range of 15 MeV, the calibrated neutron spectrum is much closer to the international standard spectrum. The mean square error (RMSE) of calibrated neutron spectrum is reduced by 3.86%. In this paper, by analyzing the influence of cross-talking, the neutron count of BSS is calibrated, and the accuracy of neutron spectrum is improved, which provides a strong basis for unfolding neutron spectrum.
{"title":"Estimation of Bonner sphere cross-talking with Monte Carlo method and spectrometer calibration with 241Am-Be neutron source","authors":"Hai Wan, Luying Yang, Xiaofei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are usually two kinds of experiment methods for neutron spectrum measurement by Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS). The first is to use only one Bonner sphere (BS) at a time to complete the neutron experiment by repeated measurements; The other is to measure multiple Bonner spheres (BSs) together, and this multi-sphere simultaneous measurement method can complete the neutron experiment only once. The single sphere measurement method cannot guarantee that the measurement environment is completely consistent every time, which leads to inevitable measurement errors. The multi-sphere simultaneous measurement method can ensure the same experimental environment for each sphere, but there will be cross-talking. This paper studies the influence of cross-talking on BSS. Firstly, we use Geant4 to simulate the corresponding neutron response function with and without cross-talking, and analyze the error between the two neutron response functions. Secondly, the neutron count of <figure><img></figure> neutron source experiment is simulated. Considering that the BSS is close to the floor, the neutron counting error of BS with and without cross-talking and floor scattering is calculated. Finally, we actually measure the <figure><img></figure> neutron source using a BSS and obtain 8 neutron counts. The spectrum of <figure><img></figure> neutron source is obtained by calibrating the influence of cross-talking. The results show that the scattered neutrons which affect the count of BS are mainly the primary scattered neutrons, which account for more than 90% of all scattered neutrons. The scattered neutrons mainly affect the neutron response function of the large BS in the high energy domain and the small BS in the low energy domain. The cross-talking has a great influence on the neutron count of large and small BS, while the floor scattering has a great influence only on the small BS. The <figure><img></figure> neutron spectrum obtained by calibrated neutron counts is more accurate than that obtained by the original experiment counts. Especially in the range of 1<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>5 MeV, the calibrated <figure><img></figure> neutron spectrum is much closer to the international standard spectrum. The mean square error (RMSE) of calibrated <figure><img></figure> neutron spectrum is reduced by 3.86%. In this paper, by analyzing the influence of cross-talking, the neutron count of BSS is calibrated, and the accuracy of <figure><img></figure> neutron spectrum is improved, which provides a strong basis for unfolding neutron spectrum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170072
T.L. Tang
FSUDAQ is a versatile, multi-threaded, lightweight, and open-source data acquisition software with a graphical user interface, designed to fully utilize the capabilities of first-generation CAEN x725, x730, and x740 series digitizers equipped with various Digital Pulse Processing (DPP) firmware, including Pulse-Height Analysis (PHA), Pulse-Shape Discrimination (PSD), and Charge-Digital Conversion (QDC). It emphasizes user-friendliness, stability, scalability, high throughput, and low latency. The software includes features such as an online waveform scope, scalar panel, and real-time single spectrum display for each input channel, along with an online event builder and analyzer capable of generating 1D and 2D histograms and applying graphical cuts. Users can also create and integrate custom online analyzers to meet specific experimental requirements. FSUDAQ has been successfully tested at the John D. Fox laboratory at Florida State University (FSU) with a diverse set of experiments using the Encore and ANASEN active target detectors, the Super-Enge Split-Pole Spectrograph, and the CATRiNA neutron detectors. In terms of performance, FSUDAQ can handle up to approximately 500k triggers per second per channel without waveform recording, or data rates of around 65 MB/s per optical fiber, with or without waveform recording.
{"title":"FSUDAQ - A general purpose GUI data acquisition program for the CAEN x725, x730, x740 digitizers","authors":"T.L. Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>FSUDAQ</span> is a versatile, multi-threaded, lightweight, and open-source data acquisition software with a graphical user interface, designed to fully utilize the capabilities of first-generation CAEN x725, x730, and x740 series digitizers equipped with various Digital Pulse Processing (DPP) firmware, including Pulse-Height Analysis (PHA), Pulse-Shape Discrimination (PSD), and Charge-Digital Conversion (QDC). It emphasizes user-friendliness, stability, scalability, high throughput, and low latency. The software includes features such as an online waveform scope, scalar panel, and real-time single spectrum display for each input channel, along with an online event builder and analyzer capable of generating 1D and 2D histograms and applying graphical cuts. Users can also create and integrate custom online analyzers to meet specific experimental requirements. <span>FSUDAQ</span> has been successfully tested at the John D. Fox laboratory at Florida State University (FSU) with a diverse set of experiments using the Encore and ANASEN active target detectors, the Super-Enge Split-Pole Spectrograph, and the CATRiNA neutron detectors. In terms of performance, <span>FSUDAQ</span> can handle up to approximately 500k triggers per second per channel without waveform recording, or data rates of around 65 MB/s per optical fiber, with or without waveform recording.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170076
Salvatore Di Carlo, Marco Cortesi, Iulia-Maria Harca
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is one of the premier scientific user facilities for nuclear science with radioactive beams, capable of producing most (approximately 80%) of the isotopes expected to exist, from oxygen to uranium, at energies up to 200 MeV/u. With the increase in beam power from the present 10 kW to the planned 400 kW, FRIB experiments are about to enter a new era. An unprecedented rate capability as well as stable performance of all the planned instrumentation intended for beam diagnostics and beam tuning is required at the expected high beam intensities ( MHz). A summary of aging phenomena at high heavy-ion beam rates observed in the Advanced Rare Isotope Separator (ARIS) detectors for beam diagnostics, including Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPAC) and plastic scintillation for time-of-flight measurements, is discussed. Current research and development project to mitigate rate-induced aging are presented.
{"title":"Rate-induced aging effects on Parallel-Plate Avalanche Counter (PPAC) caused by heavy ion beams","authors":"Salvatore Di Carlo, Marco Cortesi, Iulia-Maria Harca","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is one of the premier scientific user facilities for nuclear science with radioactive beams, capable of producing most (approximately 80%) of the isotopes expected to exist, from oxygen to uranium, at energies up to 200 MeV/u. With the increase in beam power from the present 10 kW to the planned 400 kW, FRIB experiments are about to enter a new era. An unprecedented rate capability as well as stable performance of all the planned instrumentation intended for beam diagnostics and beam tuning is required at the expected high beam intensities (<span><math><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> MHz). A summary of aging phenomena at high heavy-ion beam rates observed in the Advanced Rare Isotope Separator (ARIS) detectors for beam diagnostics, including Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPAC) and plastic scintillation for time-of-flight measurements, is discussed. Current research and development project to mitigate rate-induced aging are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170077
John Clem , Paul Evenson , Robert P. Johnson , Brian Lucas , Pierre-Simon Mangeard , Scott Martin , Sarah Mechbal , James Roth
The Anti-Electron Sub-Orbital Payload Low Energy (AESOP-Lite) is designed to determine the source of the negative spectral index of cosmic-ray electrons below 100 MeV through a series of balloon flights. The entry telescope from the classic LEE (Low Electron Energy) instrument was directly integrated into AESOP-Lite, which utilizes a gas-Cherenkov and magnetic-spectrometer configuration to identify the particle type and measure its energy. Its first flight took place May 15–21, 2018 from Kiruna, Sweden accumulating roughly 130 h of exposure above 130,000 ft altitude before landing on Ellesmere Island, Canada. After recovery, work began to upgrade the instrument for its next flight, from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. In this paper, we report on its updated design, calibration and performance. This includes analyses of ground data taken during integration. The observed muon charge separation from ground runs is discussed and compared to the expected performance of the spectrometer, and the first test results of the new time-of-flight (TOF) system are presented. The energy resolution from track reconstruction algorithms and the energy-dependent geometry factor are tested with Monte Carlo simulations.
{"title":"Design and performance of the balloon-borne magnetic spectrometer AESOP-Lite","authors":"John Clem , Paul Evenson , Robert P. Johnson , Brian Lucas , Pierre-Simon Mangeard , Scott Martin , Sarah Mechbal , James Roth","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Anti-Electron Sub-Orbital Payload Low Energy (AESOP-Lite) is designed to determine the source of the negative spectral index of cosmic-ray electrons below 100 MeV through a series of balloon flights. The entry telescope from the classic LEE (Low Electron Energy) instrument was directly integrated into AESOP-Lite, which utilizes a gas-Cherenkov and magnetic-spectrometer configuration to identify the particle type and measure its energy. Its first flight took place May 15–21, 2018 from Kiruna, Sweden accumulating roughly 130 h of exposure above 130,000 ft altitude before landing on Ellesmere Island, Canada. After recovery, work began to upgrade the instrument for its next flight, from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. In this paper, we report on its updated design, calibration and performance. This includes analyses of ground data taken during integration. The observed muon charge separation from ground runs is discussed and compared to the expected performance of the spectrometer, and the first test results of the new time-of-flight (TOF) system are presented. The energy resolution from track reconstruction algorithms and the energy-dependent geometry factor are tested with Monte Carlo simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170068
M. Sacerdoti , V. Toso , G. Vinelli , M. Bayo , G. Rosi , L. Salvi , G.M. Tino , M. Giammarchi , R. Ferragut
Positronium (Ps) has emerged as a promising test particle within the QUantum interferometry with Positrons, positronium and LASers (QUPLAS) project, which aims to measure for the first time the gravitational effect on Ps, the entirely leptonic atom comprising an electron and a positron. In this work, we present a Monte Carlo simulation to generate a mono-energetic and highly coherent Ps beam by creating a negative Ps ion (Ps consisting of two electrons and one positron) to be used in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. We propose the equations to estimate the initial velocity distributions in the longitudinal and transversal directions of the Ps emitted from the target converter (positron/Ps) necessary for the Monte Carlo simulation. The resulting simulated device needs a very low divergence Ps beam at the interferometer entrance, for this reason an intensive positron beam is necessary, such as a high-flux electron LINAC. Subsequently, we utilize a Fabry–Perot IR laser cavity operating in CW at a wavelength of 1560 nm to selectively remove the extra electron. An alternative pulsed laser operating at a 3600 nm wavelength was studied to reduce broadening due to recoil and excitation. Here, we provide a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the characteristics of the Ps beam, including its energy distribution and intensity profiles at two different temperatures (10 K and 300 K). Despite the limitations given by the assumptions mentioned in the text within the limit of our knowledge, these first simulation results obtained from our study will provide essential groundwork for future advancements in fundamental particles gravity measurements.
{"title":"Monte Carlo simulations towards the formation of a positronium coherent beam","authors":"M. Sacerdoti , V. Toso , G. Vinelli , M. Bayo , G. Rosi , L. Salvi , G.M. Tino , M. Giammarchi , R. Ferragut","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Positronium (Ps) has emerged as a promising test particle within the QUantum interferometry with Positrons, positronium and LASers (QUPLAS) project, which aims to measure for the first time the gravitational effect on Ps, the entirely leptonic atom comprising an electron and a positron. In this work, we present a Monte Carlo simulation to generate a mono-energetic and highly coherent Ps beam by creating a negative Ps ion (Ps<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> consisting of two electrons and one positron) to be used in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. We propose the equations to estimate the initial velocity distributions in the longitudinal and transversal directions of the Ps<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> emitted from the target converter (positron/Ps<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>) necessary for the Monte Carlo simulation. The resulting simulated device needs a very low divergence Ps beam at the interferometer entrance, for this reason an intensive positron beam is necessary, such as a high-flux electron LINAC. Subsequently, we utilize a Fabry–Perot IR laser cavity operating in CW at a wavelength of 1560 nm to selectively remove the extra electron. An alternative pulsed laser operating at a 3600 nm wavelength was studied to reduce broadening due to recoil and excitation. Here, we provide a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the characteristics of the Ps beam, including its energy distribution and intensity profiles at two different temperatures (10 K and 300 K). Despite the limitations given by the assumptions mentioned in the text within the limit of our knowledge, these first simulation results obtained from our study will provide essential groundwork for future advancements in fundamental particles gravity measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170086
Hongguang Liu , Haiwen Yu , Ningbo Jia , Jianquan Chen , Mei Yang , Zhengyi Sun , Gang Yu , Yudong Li , Shouzhi Xi , Fan Yang , Tao Wang , Wanqi Jie
The paper investigated the irradiation damage of CZT detectors caused by high flux an X-ray from X-ray tube operated at a tube voltage of 140 kV and an accumulated dose of 130 kGy. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (i-DLTS) was employed to characterize the defects. Four types of irradiation-induced defects were identified, corresponding to the energy levels at Ec-0.1eV, Ev+0.17eV, Ev+0.27eV and Ec-0.55eV, which are associated with the point defects, InCd+/0, VCd-/0, VCd2−/− and TeCd2+/+ respectively. After the irradiation, the concentration of VCd-/0 changed from 5.63 × 1012 cm−3 to 3.30 × 1013 cm−3 and VCd2−/− increased from 1.13 × 1012 cm−3 to 1.88 × 1013 cm−3. The resistivity of all samples showed an upward trend after the irradiation, with the most significant change observed in sample 1, where it doubled from 1.09 × 1011 Ω cm to 1.94 × 1011 Ω cm. However, the energy resolution for the spectrum peak of 241Am (59.5 keV) decreased from 6.2% to 10.7% and the signal noise to ratio decreased from 42.24 to 27.33 when irradiated from anode. The counting performance of the photon counting module decreased by approximately 1.81% after irradiation on the cathode side.
{"title":"The effect of low energy high-dose X-ray irradiation on the performance of CdZnTe detector","authors":"Hongguang Liu , Haiwen Yu , Ningbo Jia , Jianquan Chen , Mei Yang , Zhengyi Sun , Gang Yu , Yudong Li , Shouzhi Xi , Fan Yang , Tao Wang , Wanqi Jie","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper investigated the irradiation damage of CZT detectors caused by high flux an X-ray from X-ray tube operated at a tube voltage of 140 kV and an accumulated dose of 130 kGy. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (i-DLTS) was employed to characterize the defects. Four types of irradiation-induced defects were identified, corresponding to the energy levels at Ec-0.1eV, Ev+0.17eV, Ev+0.27eV and Ec-0.55eV, which are associated with the point defects, In<sub>Cd</sub><sup>+/0</sup>, V<sub>Cd</sub> <sup>-/0</sup>, V<sub>Cd</sub> <sup>2−/−</sup> and Te<sub>Cd</sub> <sup>2+/+</sup> respectively. After the irradiation, the concentration of V<sub>Cd</sub> <sup>-/0</sup> changed from 5.63 × 10<sup>12</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> to 3.30 × 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> and V<sub>Cd</sub> <sup>2−/−</sup> increased from 1.13 × 10<sup>12</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> to 1.88 × 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>. The resistivity of all samples showed an upward trend after the irradiation, with the most significant change observed in sample 1, where it doubled from 1.09 × 10<sup>11</sup> Ω cm to 1.94 × 10<sup>11</sup> Ω cm. However, the energy resolution for the spectrum peak of <sup>241</sup>Am (59.5 keV) decreased from 6.2% to 10.7% and the signal noise to ratio decreased from 42.24 to 27.33 when irradiated from anode. The counting performance of the photon counting module decreased by approximately 1.81% after irradiation on the cathode side.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170086"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170074
Jiaying Zhou , Mengzhao Li , Yuekun Heng , Weimin Song , Weiyi Sun , Tianyuan Zhang , Mei Zhao , Zhijun Liang
The Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) is a high-precision silicon-based timing sensor, with pixel sizes of 1.3 utilized in the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) project at ATLAS. However, in future lepton colliders and space based experiments, the particle density is much lower than in Hadron colliders. Therefore, increasing the pixel area of the LGAD could lead to a reduction in the channel density of the readout electronics, resulting in cost and power consumption savings for experiments with low particle densities. It is essential to conduct detailed studies on the impact of area expansion on the time resolution and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of LGAD need to be studied in detail to provide a reference for the application of large-area LGADs. Different-area sensors are obtained by connecting different numbers of pixels in parallel within the LGAD array. These LGADs are designed by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP, CAS) and manufactured by the Institute of Microelectronics (IME, CAS), feature an epitaxial layer thickness of . This paper studies the breakdown voltage, leakage current, and depletion process of devices with different areas, while also examining the time resolution, SNR, rise time and other parameters of sensors with varying areas using a beta source () test system. The test results indicate that as the area of devices increases from 1.69 to 42.25 , the time resolution deteriorates significantly from 37 ps to 65 ps. The depletion capacitance of the device increases with the area, resulting in a slower process for signal formation, longer signal rise time, and decreased SNR ratio, leading to a deterioration of time resolution.
{"title":"The properties of LGAD with different sensitive areas","authors":"Jiaying Zhou , Mengzhao Li , Yuekun Heng , Weimin Song , Weiyi Sun , Tianyuan Zhang , Mei Zhao , Zhijun Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) is a high-precision silicon-based timing sensor, with pixel sizes of 1.3 <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>mm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> utilized in the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) project at ATLAS. However, in future lepton colliders and space based experiments, the particle density is much lower than in Hadron colliders. Therefore, increasing the pixel area of the LGAD could lead to a reduction in the channel density of the readout electronics, resulting in cost and power consumption savings for experiments with low particle densities. It is essential to conduct detailed studies on the impact of area expansion on the time resolution and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of LGAD need to be studied in detail to provide a reference for the application of large-area LGADs. Different-area sensors are obtained by connecting different numbers of pixels in parallel within the LGAD array. These LGADs are designed by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP, CAS) and manufactured by the Institute of Microelectronics (IME, CAS), feature an epitaxial layer thickness of <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>. This paper studies the breakdown voltage, leakage current, and depletion process of devices with different areas, while also examining the time resolution, SNR, rise time and other parameters of sensors with varying areas using a beta source (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>90</mn></mrow></msup><mi>Sr</mi></mrow></math></span>) test system. The test results indicate that as the area of devices increases from 1.69 <span><math><msup><mrow><mtext>mm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> to 42.25 <span><math><msup><mrow><mtext>mm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, the time resolution deteriorates significantly from 37 ps to 65 ps. The depletion capacitance of the device increases with the area, resulting in a slower <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> process for signal formation, longer signal rise time, and decreased SNR ratio, leading to a deterioration of time resolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170081
I. Keshelashvili , C. Simons , O. Bertini , K. Schuenemann , O. Suddia , R. Visinka , C.J. Schmidt , H. Herzenstiel , B. Leyrer , T. Blank
The Silicon Tracking System (STS) is the core detector system of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research). The CBM will study matter at the highest baryonic densities in collisions of nuclear beams with a stationary target. The expected long latency for identification and the changing signature of the events drive us to use self-triggered streaming readout. The CBM data collection will be based on time-stamped detector data into a compute farm. Event reconstruction and physics analysis are performed online at up to 10 MHz collision rates. In the presented work, we will discuss step-by-step how the CBM-STS detector components are rigorously selected and prepared for assembly. It starts with carefully testing the readout ASICs. The various parameters are recorded to select the chip. The next step is to test the micro cable’s TAB (Tape Automated Bonding) bonding quality on the ASIC. Later, the 16-chip cables are bonded to the silicon strip sensor. All test results are stored and available for later use in a specially designed database using custom software applied to each step in the assembly process. After assembly of 1/3 of the modules (896), we will overview the acquired experience.
{"title":"The description of the steps of the Q&A test and detector module assembly of the CBM-STS","authors":"I. Keshelashvili , C. Simons , O. Bertini , K. Schuenemann , O. Suddia , R. Visinka , C.J. Schmidt , H. Herzenstiel , B. Leyrer , T. Blank","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Silicon Tracking System (STS) is the core detector system of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research). The CBM will study matter at the highest baryonic densities in collisions of nuclear beams with a stationary target. The expected long latency for identification and the changing signature of the events drive us to use self-triggered streaming readout. The CBM data collection will be based on time-stamped detector data into a compute farm. Event reconstruction and physics analysis are performed online at up to 10 MHz collision rates. In the presented work, we will discuss step-by-step how the CBM-STS detector components are rigorously selected and prepared for assembly. It starts with carefully testing the readout ASICs. The various parameters are recorded to select the chip. The next step is to test the micro cable’s TAB (Tape Automated Bonding) bonding quality on the ASIC. Later, the 16-chip cables are bonded to the silicon strip sensor. All test results are stored and available for later use in a specially designed database using custom software applied to each step in the assembly process. After assembly of 1/3 of the modules (896), we will overview the acquired experience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170082
Alessandro Di Nola, the Hyper-Kamiokande collaboration
Hyper-Kamiokande will be the next generation of large-scale water Cherenkov detectors. It aims at obtaining exciting results in many areas, such as the study of CP violation, the search for proton decay and the study of accelerator, atmospheric, solar and astronomical neutrinos. The Hyper-Kamiokande Far Detector will be equipped with a hybrid photosensor configuration combining the 20” photomultiplier tubes (PMT) with the multi-PMT modules, a novel technology first designed for the KM3NeT experiment. The multi-PMT module is based on a pressure vessel instrumented with 19 small diameter (7.7 cm) photosensors, each one with a different orientation. The readout electronics and high-voltage power supplies for the photomultiplier tubes are also integrated within the module. It offers several advantages such as increased granularity, reduced dark rate, weaker sensitivity to the Earth’s magnetic field, improved time resolution and directional information with an almost isotropic field of view. The R&D of the mPMT prototype is almost complete and now preparations for mass production are now underway. In this contribution the results of the tests performed on the first prototypes as well as the procedures for quality assurance and Hyper-Kamiokande’s multi-PMT program are discussed.
{"title":"Preparation for mass production and quality assurance of the mPMT module for Hyper-Kamiokande","authors":"Alessandro Di Nola, the Hyper-Kamiokande collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyper-Kamiokande will be the next generation of large-scale water Cherenkov detectors. It aims at obtaining exciting results in many areas, such as the study of CP violation, the search for proton decay and the study of accelerator, atmospheric, solar and astronomical neutrinos. The Hyper-Kamiokande Far Detector will be equipped with a hybrid photosensor configuration combining the 20” photomultiplier tubes (PMT) with the multi-PMT modules, a novel technology first designed for the KM3NeT experiment. The multi-PMT module is based on a pressure vessel instrumented with 19 small diameter (7.7 cm) photosensors, each one with a different orientation. The readout electronics and high-voltage power supplies for the photomultiplier tubes are also integrated within the module. It offers several advantages such as increased granularity, reduced dark rate, weaker sensitivity to the Earth’s magnetic field, improved time resolution and directional information with an almost isotropic field of view. The R&D of the mPMT prototype is almost complete and now preparations for mass production are now underway. In this contribution the results of the tests performed on the first prototypes as well as the procedures for quality assurance and Hyper-Kamiokande’s multi-PMT program are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170080
Xiaodong Zhang, Haichuan Guo, Rong Du, Bin Tang, Liang Zhou, Xiaohu Li
The Engineering Materials Diffractometer (EMD) is a new and critical addition to the instrument suite of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). It will support extensive research activities and applications on modern engineering materials. Based on the large multielement detector array, the electronic time focusing method has been successfully applied to deal with the raw neutron data and the constants Ci, corresponding to each single pixel in the detector array, have been calculated using the relation between the time of flight of the Bragg peaks in standard Si sample and their particular d-spacings. The instrument resolution in the mode best suited for strain measurements (∼0.35%) is interpreted and verified as a function of d-spacing via Si and La11B6 standard samples. The results are found to be consistent with the McStas simulations of the instrument physical design.
工程材料衍射仪（EMD）是中国溅射中子源（CSNS）新添的重要仪器。它将为现代工程材料的广泛研究活动和应用提供支持。在大型多元素探测器阵列的基础上，成功应用电子时间聚焦法处理原始中子数据，并利用标准 Si 样品中布拉格峰的飞行时间与其特定 d 间距之间的关系，计算出探测器阵列中每个单像素对应的常数 Ci。通过硅和 La11B6 标准样品，解释并验证了最适合应变测量模式（∼0.35%）下的仪器分辨率与 d 间距的函数关系。结果与仪器物理设计的 McStas 模拟一致。
{"title":"Application of electronic time focusing at the engineering materials diffractometer in the China spallation neutron source","authors":"Xiaodong Zhang, Haichuan Guo, Rong Du, Bin Tang, Liang Zhou, Xiaohu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Engineering Materials Diffractometer (EMD) is a new and critical addition to the instrument suite of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). It will support extensive research activities and applications on modern engineering materials. Based on the large multielement detector array, the electronic time focusing method has been successfully applied to deal with the raw neutron data and the constants <em>C</em><sub><em>i</em></sub>, corresponding to each single pixel in the detector array, have been calculated using the relation between the time of flight of the Bragg peaks in standard Si sample and their particular <em>d</em>-spacings. The instrument resolution in the mode best suited for strain measurements (∼0.35%) is interpreted and verified as a function of <em>d</em>-spacing via Si and La<sup>11</sup>B<sub>6</sub> standard samples. The results are found to be consistent with the McStas simulations of the instrument physical design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170080"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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