Employer-provided parking: Departure time choice, investment decision, and welfare effects

IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Regional Science and Urban Economics Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104056
Zhi-Chun Li , Yao Deng , André de Palma
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Abstract

Employer-provided parking (EP) has become a prevalent way to reduce employees' parking delays and late arrivals through offering them free or low-price parking spaces at the workplace. This paper explores the EP effects on employees' trip scheduling, employer's EP investment decision, and commercial parking operator's pricing decision. An analytical trip scheduling equilibrium model is first presented to model the interaction between EP provision and employees' departure time choices during morning commute. A profit maximization model incorporating the employee productivity is then developed to determine the employer's optimal EP investment decision. A competitive game between employer's investment decision and commercial parking operator's parking pricing decision is analytically investigated, together with the effects of EP investment on social welfare. The results show that the EP investment can lead to a win-win situation with decreased employee commuting cost and increased firm production output; and the employer would like to provide only part of the employees with EP services. The competitive game solutions depend very much on the marginal costs of EP and commercial parking spaces. The EP investment with an excessively high commercial parking fee may hurt the society due to decreased social welfare.
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雇主提供的停车位:出发时间选择、投资决策和福利效应
雇主提供停车位(EP)通过在工作场所为员工提供免费或低价停车位来减少员工的停车延误和迟到现象,已成为一种普遍的方式。本文探讨了雇主提供停车位对员工出行安排、雇主提供停车位投资决策和商业停车运营商定价决策的影响。本文首先提出了一个分析性的行程安排均衡模型,以模拟在早上通勤期间提供免费停车位与员工出发时间选择之间的相互作用。然后建立了一个包含员工生产率的利润最大化模型,以确定雇主的最佳 EP 投资决策。分析研究了雇主的投资决策与商业停车运营商的停车定价决策之间的竞争博弈,以及 EP 投资对社会福利的影响。结果表明,环境优化投资可以带来双赢局面,即员工通勤成本降低,企业生产产出增加;而雇主只愿意为部分员工提供环境优化服务。竞争博弈方案在很大程度上取决于环保型停车位和商业停车位的边际成本。环境优化投资与过高的商业停车费可能会因社会福利减少而损害社会。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.30
自引率
9.70%
发文量
63
期刊介绍: Regional Science and Urban Economics facilitates and encourages high-quality scholarship on important issues in regional and urban economics. It publishes significant contributions that are theoretical or empirical, positive or normative. It solicits original papers with a spatial dimension that can be of interest to economists. Empirical papers studying causal mechanisms are expected to propose a convincing identification strategy.
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