Association between residential greenness exposure and semen quality: A retrospective study in China

Abstract

Background

The association between greenness exposure and semen quality and the underlying mechanism are unclear.

Objectives

To assess the association between greenness exposure and semen quality and whether the association is mediated by air pollutant exposure.

Methods

We collected data from 10,273 men in Zhejiang, China, whose wives received assisted reproductive technology from 2015 to 2021. The mean exposure concentrations of air pollutants and greenness indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)) in the 300 m, 400 m, 800 m, and 1000 m buffer zones were assessed from 0–90 days prior to semen testing on the basis of the patient’s residential address. A multivariate linear mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the associations, and mediation analysis was used to investigate the influences of air pollutant exposure and body mass index (BMI) on the associations.

Results

The average (standard deviation) age of the participants was 33.1 (5.2) years. After adjusting for confounders, progressive motility was positively associated with the NDVI_400m (β (95 % CI): 1.744 (0.834, 2.655)) and SAVI_400m (β (95 % CI): 1.484 (0.591, 2.377)). Furthermore, we found that NO₂ and CO exposure significantly mediated part of the association between greenness exposure and progressive motility. Similar results are observed in the sensitivity analysis.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that greater greenness exposure is associated with higher semen quality and can be partially mediated by lower NO₂ and CO exposure levels.