Pub Date : 2026-03-28DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110210
João Pedro Sousa, Anabelle Espeyte, Teresa Neuparth, Rémi Recoura-Massaquant, Sarah Bancel, Nicolas Delorme, Arnaud Chaumot, L. Filipe C. Castro, Miguel M. Santos, Olivier Geffard, Raquel Ruivo, Davide Degli-Esposti
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) pose significant risks to aquatic wildlife by disrupting hormonal signaling pathways, notably those mediated by nuclear receptors (NRs) – key regulators of endocrine processes. For decades, in vitro bioassays based on the interaction between NRs and EDCs have been used to investigate EDC activity in chemical monitoring and risk assessment frameworks. Yet, current guidelines are mostly restricted to vertebrate species, failing to capture the diversity of chemical-induced NR-driven effects in aquatic animals – particularly arthropods, whose endocrine systems are highly divergent. Thus, this study aimed to develop an in vitro approach for the assessment of EDCs targeting ecdysone signaling, a key endocrine pathway regulating molting and development in arthropods. For this, we have examined the ecdysone receptor (EcR), a target of ecdysone-mimicking pesticides, and its heterodimeric partner, the retinoid X receptor (RXR), both crucial for ecdysone-mediated signaling, in key amphipod species for freshwater and coastal ecosystems, Gammarus fossarum and G. locusta. Following identification and phylogenetic validation, we established a luciferase-based reporter gene assay that allowed us to characterize EcR:RXR responsiveness to ecdysteroids (e.g., ponasterone A), as well as the detection of chemicals with EcR-disrupting activity, such as the insecticides methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide. The application of this tool was then extended to environmental water samples, for the screening of French river basins, providing the first proof of concept for the identification of sampling sites with putative EcR agonistic activity. These findings aim to offer a complementary approach to current environmental frameworks, in the scope of investigative monitoring, towards the inclusion of underrepresented invertebrate species.
内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）通过干扰激素信号通路，特别是由核受体（NRs）介导的激素信号通路，对水生野生动物构成重大风险。几十年来，基于NRs和EDC相互作用的体外生物测定已被用于研究EDC在化学监测和风险评估框架中的活性。然而，目前的指导方针主要局限于脊椎动物物种，未能捕捉到水生动物——特别是内分泌系统高度分化的节肢动物——体内化学物质诱导的核不饱和效应的多样性。因此，本研究旨在建立一种体外评估EDCs靶向脱皮激素信号通路的方法，脱皮激素信号通路是调节节肢动物脱皮和发育的关键内分泌通路。为此，我们研究了脱皮激素受体（EcR），脱皮激素模拟杀虫剂的靶标，及其异二聚体伙伴，类视黄酮 X 受体（RXR），两者对脱皮激素介导的信号通路都至关重要，在淡水和沿海生态系统的主要两足动物物种中，Gammarus fossarum和G. locusta。在鉴定和系统发育验证之后，我们建立了一种基于荧光素酶的报告基因检测方法，使我们能够表征EcR:RXR对外皮类固醇（例如，ponasterone a）的反应性，以及检测具有EcR破坏活性的化学物质，如杀虫剂甲氧虫酰肼和虫酰肼。该工具的应用随后扩展到环境水样，用于筛选法国河流流域，为确定具有假定EcR激动活性的采样点提供了第一个概念证明。这些发现旨在为目前的环境框架提供一种补充方法，在调查监测的范围内，包括代表性不足的无脊椎动物物种。
{"title":"The amphipod ecdysone receptor as a complementary tool for environmental risk assessment: from functional analysis to proof of concept study","authors":"João Pedro Sousa, Anabelle Espeyte, Teresa Neuparth, Rémi Recoura-Massaquant, Sarah Bancel, Nicolas Delorme, Arnaud Chaumot, L. Filipe C. Castro, Miguel M. Santos, Olivier Geffard, Raquel Ruivo, Davide Degli-Esposti","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110210","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) pose significant risks to aquatic wildlife by disrupting hormonal signaling pathways, notably those mediated by nuclear receptors (NRs) – key regulators of endocrine processes. For decades, <em>in vitro</em> bioassays based on the interaction between NRs and EDCs have been used to investigate EDC activity in chemical monitoring and risk assessment frameworks. Yet, current guidelines are mostly restricted to vertebrate species, failing to capture the diversity of chemical-induced NR-driven effects in aquatic animals – particularly arthropods, whose endocrine systems are highly divergent. Thus, this study aimed to develop an <em>in vitro</em> approach for the assessment of EDCs targeting ecdysone signaling, a key endocrine pathway regulating molting and development in arthropods. For this, we have examined the ecdysone receptor (EcR), a target of ecdysone-mimicking pesticides, and its heterodimeric partner, the retinoid X receptor (RXR), both crucial for ecdysone-mediated signaling, in key amphipod species for freshwater and coastal ecosystems, <em>Gammarus fossarum</em> and <em>G. locusta</em>. Following identification and phylogenetic validation, we established a luciferase-based reporter gene assay that allowed us to characterize EcR:RXR responsiveness to ecdysteroids (<em>e.g.,</em> ponasterone A), as well as the detection of chemicals with EcR-disrupting activity, such as the insecticides methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide. The application of this tool was then extended to environmental water samples, for the screening of French river basins, providing the first proof of concept for the identification of sampling sites with putative EcR agonistic activity. These findings aim to offer a complementary approach to current environmental frameworks, in the scope of investigative monitoring, towards the inclusion of underrepresented invertebrate species.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"58 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147524482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidence for the transformation of volatile fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) after respiratory uptake remains elusive, and the role of their surface activity in health risk has been overlooked. Herein, the 6:2 FTOH interaction with the pulmonary barrier formed by pulmonary surfactant (PS) and the potential for undergo transformation was investigated. It turns out that 6:2 FTOH with surface-active properties can altered the ability of PS to reduce surface tension and its compressibility modulus, decreased its phase transition enthalpy (|ΔH|, from 323.5 to 1.5 J/g). Microscopic observations showed that 6:2 FTOH incorporated into intermolecular spaces of PS and exhibited microphase segregation via fluorocarbon–hydrocarbon repulsion. Additionally, 6:2 FTOH interacted with the hydrophobic domains of PS, resulting in a decrease in lipid-protein components, accompanied by lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Furthermore, in PS-containing simulated pulmonary fluid, 6:2 FTOH exhibited time-dependent reactive oxygen species accumulation, while radical content decreased with increasing concentration. 19F NMR in conjunction with GC–MS confirmed that 6:2 FTOH undergoes transformation. Based on the identification of transformation product, potential transformation pathways of 6: 2 FTOH in pulmonary system were proposed. These findings reveal the impact of FTOH on pulmonary function and provide the first insights into its transformation in the lung, broadening the risk assessment perspective for inhaled surface-active pollutants and diverse per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
{"title":"An unrecognized hazard of inhaled 6:2 FTOH: Pulmonary transformation and interfacial toxicity in the lung","authors":"Linfeng Zhang, Yan Cao, Haoran Song, Qian Zhao, Anjum Mahfuza, Qun Zhao, Shugen Liu, Jianwu Shi, Xuewei Hu, Jie Li, Ping Ning, Xukang Lu, Tianyu Fu, Kebin He, Senlin Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110222","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence for the transformation of volatile fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) after respiratory uptake remains elusive, and the role of their surface activity in health risk has been overlooked. Herein, the 6:2 FTOH interaction with the pulmonary barrier formed by pulmonary surfactant (PS) and the potential for undergo transformation was investigated. It turns out that 6:2 FTOH with surface-active properties can altered the ability of PS to reduce surface tension and its compressibility modulus, decreased its phase transition enthalpy (|Δ<em>H</em>|, from 323.5 to 1.5 J/g). Microscopic observations showed that 6:2 FTOH incorporated into intermolecular spaces of PS and exhibited microphase segregation via fluorocarbon–hydrocarbon repulsion. Additionally, 6:2 FTOH interacted with the hydrophobic domains of PS, resulting in a decrease in lipid-protein components, accompanied by lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Furthermore, in PS-containing simulated pulmonary fluid, 6:2 FTOH exhibited time-dependent reactive oxygen species accumulation, while radical content decreased with increasing concentration. <sup>19</sup>F NMR in conjunction with GC–MS confirmed that 6:2 FTOH undergoes transformation. Based on the identification of transformation product, potential transformation pathways of 6: 2 FTOH in pulmonary system were proposed. These findings reveal the impact of FTOH on pulmonary function and provide the first insights into its transformation in the lung, broadening the risk assessment perspective for inhaled surface-active pollutants and diverse per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147523984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Asthma is a major chronic disease in childhood. Environmental factors such as air pollution, tobacco smoke, and dust have been associated with asthma prevalence. Lead (Pb) exposure can cause adverse health outcomes, yet epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal maternal Pb exposure during pregnancy and childhood wheeze/asthma is mixed, and longitudinal studies characterising early-life respiratory phenotypes at contemporary low exposure levels remain limited.Objectives: To examine the association between maternal Pb exposure during pregnancy and trajectories of wheezing and asthma in children up to 4 years of age in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS).Methods: We analysed data of 87,041 mother–child dyads from JECS, a large nationwide birth cohort study with a broad geographic coverage throughout Japan. Maternal blood Pb concentrations were measured in samples collected during the second or third trimester. Childhood wheezing and asthma were assessed annually from ages 1 to 4 years using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Latent trajectories were identified using group-based trajectory modelling, and associations with maternal blood Pb concentrations (BLL; quintiles) were examined using Bayesian binomial logistic regression models.Results: Median (interquartile range) maternal BLL was 5.8 (4.7–7.3) ng/g (≈ 0.6 [0.5–0.8] µg/dl). Four trajectory groups were identified for both wheezing and asthma: never-or-infrequent, transient-early, early-onset, and persistent. Higher maternal BLL (third–fifth quintiles) was associated with increased risks of transient-early and persistent wheezing and of persistent asthma, compared with the never-or-infrequent group. These associations were observed within the low exposure range typical of contemporary populations.Conclusions: Prenatal Pb exposure, even at low levels, may increase the risk of persistent wheezing and asthma in early childhood, underscoring the importance of minimising Pb exposure during pregnancy.
{"title":"Associations between maternal blood lead concentration during pregnancy and trajectories of wheezing and asthma in offspring: The Japan Environment and Children’s study (JECS)","authors":"Yukiko Nishihama, Tomohiko Isobe, Yukihiro Ohya, Tsuyoshi Murata, Shoji F. Nakayama","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110219","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asthma is a major chronic disease in childhood. Environmental factors such as air pollution, tobacco smoke, and dust have been associated with asthma prevalence. Lead (Pb) exposure can cause adverse health outcomes, yet epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal maternal Pb exposure during pregnancy and childhood wheeze/asthma is mixed, and longitudinal studies characterising early-life respiratory phenotypes at contemporary low exposure levels remain limited.Objectives: To examine the association between maternal Pb exposure during pregnancy and trajectories of wheezing and asthma in children up to 4 years of age in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS).Methods: We analysed data of 87,041 mother–child dyads from JECS, a large nationwide birth cohort study with a broad geographic coverage throughout Japan. Maternal blood Pb concentrations were measured in samples collected during the second or third trimester. Childhood wheezing and asthma were assessed annually from ages 1 to 4 years using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Latent trajectories were identified using group-based trajectory modelling, and associations with maternal blood Pb concentrations (BLL; quintiles) were examined using Bayesian binomial logistic regression models.Results: Median (interquartile range) maternal BLL was 5.8 (4.7–7.3) ng/g (≈ 0.6 [0.5–0.8] µg/dl). Four trajectory groups were identified for both wheezing and asthma: never-or-infrequent, transient-early, early-onset, and persistent. Higher maternal BLL (third–fifth quintiles) was associated with increased risks of transient-early and persistent wheezing and of persistent asthma, compared with the never-or-infrequent group. These associations were observed within the low exposure range typical of contemporary populations.Conclusions: Prenatal Pb exposure, even at low levels, may increase the risk of persistent wheezing and asthma in early childhood, underscoring the importance of minimising Pb exposure during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147523983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-26DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110216
Nicolas Roth, Yefeng Yang, Frederic Coulon, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Adrian Covaci
Editorial standards are not administrative formalities; they function as scientific quality control mechanisms that directly shape the validity, credibility, integrity, and utility of published research. Since 2016, Environment International has been the first environmental health journal to implement specialist editorial policies for handling systematic review submissions. Over the past decade, Environment International has been committed to the continuous advancement and rigorous editorial standards to ensure publication of trustworthy, high-impact evidence-based research. Central to this effort is the CREST_Triage tool (https://osf.io/bv4en), which enables transparent and rigorous editorial assessment of methodological quality, reporting completeness and reproducibility. In this editorial, we describe the recent developments in our editorial policies and efforts undertaken to further develop and strengthen our standards for evidence syntheses and narrative reviews. A major component of this work has been the expansion of our editorial policies to scoping reviews, review of reviews, their respective protocols, and narrative reviews, which is reflected by the development of new triage instruments, guidance, and workflows, which we have implemented in April 2025. Environment International remains one of the very few journals that actively implement effective quality control measures and enforcement of editorial standards for the evidence syntheses it publishes. We believe that transparent and consistent editorial triage criteria and decisions are beneficial to our authors, peer-reviewers, and the field at large. Amidst the reproducibility crisis in science and increasing concern over the validity of evidence syntheses in environmental health, including those introduced by generative artificial intelligence, we call for stronger editorial stewardship and wider adoption of specialist editorial policies by other journals to increase the quality, transparency and reproducibility of evidence syntheses, leading to more comparable manuscript evaluations across journals. As the evidence synthesis toolkit and practice continues to evolve, our editorial policies and standards will adapt accordingly, ensuring that Environment International remains at the forefront, while upholding the philosophy and principles that have guided us from the beginning.
{"title":"Building Transparency, Credibility and Trust in Evidence Synthesis Practice: Why Editorial Standards and Policies Matter","authors":"Nicolas Roth, Yefeng Yang, Frederic Coulon, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Adrian Covaci","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110216","url":null,"abstract":"Editorial standards are not administrative formalities; they function as scientific quality control mechanisms that directly shape the validity, credibility, integrity, and utility of published research. Since 2016, <em>Environment International</em> has been the first environmental health journal to implement specialist editorial policies for handling systematic review submissions. Over the past decade, <em>Environment International</em> has been committed to the continuous advancement and rigorous editorial standards to ensure publication of trustworthy, high-impact evidence-based research. Central to this effort is the CREST_Triage tool (<span><span><u>https://osf.io/bv4en</u></span><svg aria-label=\"Opens in new window\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 8 8\"><path d=\"M1.12949 2.1072V1H7V6.85795H5.89111V2.90281L0.784057 8L0 7.21635L5.11902 2.1072H1.12949Z\"></path></svg></span>), which enables transparent and rigorous editorial assessment of methodological quality, reporting completeness and reproducibility. In this editorial, we describe the recent developments in our editorial policies and efforts undertaken to further develop and strengthen our standards for evidence syntheses and narrative reviews. A major component of this work has been the expansion of our editorial policies to scoping reviews, review of reviews, their respective protocols, and narrative reviews, which is reflected by the development of new triage instruments, guidance, and workflows, which we have implemented in April 2025. <em>Environment International</em> remains one of the very few journals that actively implement effective quality control measures and enforcement of editorial standards for the evidence syntheses it publishes. We believe that transparent and consistent editorial triage criteria and decisions are beneficial to our authors, peer-reviewers, and the field at large. Amidst the reproducibility crisis in science and increasing concern over the validity of evidence syntheses in environmental health, including those introduced by generative artificial intelligence, we call for stronger editorial stewardship and wider adoption of specialist editorial policies by other journals to increase the quality, transparency and reproducibility of evidence syntheses, leading to more comparable manuscript evaluations across journals. As the evidence synthesis toolkit and practice continues to evolve, our editorial policies and standards will adapt accordingly, ensuring that <em>Environment International</em> remains at the forefront, while upholding the philosophy and principles that have guided us from the beginning.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-24DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110213
Jiangrong Zhou, Yilan Zhao, Xincheng Li, Guige Xu, Marcel J.C. Bijvelds, Luc J.W. van der Laan, Annemarie C. de Vries, Qiuwei Pan, Pengfei Li
{"title":"Mapping the impact of prolonged microplastics exposure on enteric viral infections using human intestinal organoids","authors":"Jiangrong Zhou, Yilan Zhao, Xincheng Li, Guige Xu, Marcel J.C. Bijvelds, Luc J.W. van der Laan, Annemarie C. de Vries, Qiuwei Pan, Pengfei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110213","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110209
Sujin Lee, Haena Kim, Sunmi Kim, Myungwon Seo
{"title":"SkinCast: an AI-driven mechanistically interpretable model for predicting skin sensitization of environmentally released consumer product ingredients","authors":"Sujin Lee, Haena Kim, Sunmi Kim, Myungwon Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"270 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-21DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110207
Ryan Lee, Jennifer B Unger, Stefan Schneider, Eli Turovsky, Daniel Soto, Eric Kawaguchi, Fred Lurmann, Nathan Pavlovic, Frank Gilliland
Introduction
Numerous studies have linked wildfire exposure to adverse physical and mental health outcomes and symptoms. However, few studies incorporate both outdoor wildfire smoke-related PM2.5 concentration and indoor air quality measurements. Understanding the mechanisms by which objectively measured and perceived wildfire smoke impact people’s health could facilitate interventions to mitigate adverse health effects.
Methods
Survey data were obtained from N = 849 adult residents in the Los Angeles area 2–3 months after the 2025 wildfires. A latent class analysis identified subgroups of people with similar symptom experiences. Associations between wildfire smoke-related PM2.5 concentration and indoor air quality with likely class membership were examined.
Results
We identified three latent subgroups: Physical and Mental Health Symptoms, Physical Health Symptoms, and Low Symptoms. Higher outdoor wildfire smoke-related PM2.5 levels were associated with a higher likelihood of belonging to the symptomatic classes, and indoor air quality statistically explained most of this association.
Discussion
Indoor exposure may be an important mechanism by which people are exposed to wildfire smoke, which can cause adverse health symptoms. While outdoor PM2.5 concentration is commonly used in wildfire exposure research, our findings suggest that perceived indoor air quality provides additional explanatory information about who experiences more severe symptom profiles, particularly for wildland-urban interface fires where many residents are sheltering in place.
{"title":"Wildfire smoke-related PM2.5 concentration measurements, perceived indoor air quality, and health symptoms among Southern California residents during the 2025 Los Angeles wildfires: A latent class mediation approach","authors":"Ryan Lee, Jennifer B Unger, Stefan Schneider, Eli Turovsky, Daniel Soto, Eric Kawaguchi, Fred Lurmann, Nathan Pavlovic, Frank Gilliland","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110207","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Introduction</h3>Numerous studies have linked wildfire exposure to adverse physical and mental health outcomes and symptoms. However, few studies incorporate both outdoor wildfire smoke-related PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration and indoor air quality measurements. Understanding the mechanisms by which objectively measured and perceived wildfire smoke impact people’s health could facilitate interventions to mitigate adverse health effects.<h3>Methods</h3>Survey data were obtained from N = 849 adult residents in the Los Angeles area 2–3 months after the 2025 wildfires. A latent class analysis identified subgroups of people with similar symptom experiences. Associations between wildfire smoke-related PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration and indoor air quality with likely class membership were examined.<h3>Results</h3>We identified three latent subgroups: Physical and Mental Health Symptoms, Physical Health Symptoms, and Low Symptoms. Higher outdoor wildfire smoke-related PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were associated with a higher likelihood of belonging to the symptomatic classes, and indoor air quality statistically explained most of this association.<h3>Discussion</h3>Indoor exposure may be an important mechanism by which people are exposed to wildfire smoke, which can cause adverse health symptoms. While outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration is commonly used in wildfire exposure research, our findings suggest that perceived indoor air quality provides additional explanatory information about who experiences more severe symptom profiles, particularly for wildland-urban interface fires where many residents are sheltering in place.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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