Formation of aluminum nitride in dross by contact-diffusion reaction during aluminum recycling

Abstract

Secondary aluminum dross is a solid waste after aluminum extraction from the slag produced during aluminum recycling. It is classified as a hazardous waste due to the high content of active aluminum nitride (AlN). This work studied the thermodynamics and kinetics of AlN formation in aluminum dross. Aluminum tends to react with N₂ to form AlN, when the partial pressure of nitrogen (N₂) is much greater than that of oxygen (O₂) ($P_{N_2}$$P_{N_2}$≫$P_{O_2}$$P_{O_2}$) in thermodynamics. Additionally, the reaction between aluminum and N₂ is accelerated with the increasing temperature. Approximately 36.37% of aluminum was transformed into AlN at 700°C according to kinetic analysis. Aluminum recycling involves smelting, refining, and dross processing. The dross produced from these different processes has various compositions and hazardous properties. The formation mechanism of AlN from the three processes was revealed based on the thermodynamic and kinetic analyses. The reaction mechanisms in these processes were identified as surface contact reaction, internal and surface contact reaction, and rotational surface contact reaction between the aluminum melt and N₂, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) analyses were used to determine the phase and composition of the aluminum dross. The nitrogen content in the aluminum dross from smelting, refining, and dross processing was found to be 3.3%, 5.2%, and 9.6%, respectively. The monthly dross production were 276.3 tons, 22.7 tons, and 318.2 tons, respectively, according to statistics. It was calculated that the nitrogen generated in the three process was 9.12 tons, 1.18 tons, and 20.25 tons, respectively. Therefore, dross processing is the primary source of AlN. A rapid dross processing method with small-scale vertical stirring was proposed to shorten the reaction between the aluminum melt and N₂, thereby reducing AlN formation. This work could provide guidance for reducing hazardous AlN in aluminum dross and optimizing the aluminum recycling process.