Experimental and 3D numerical analysis of embankment on soft soil improved with cement bottom ash columns

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Acta Geotechnica Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI:10.1007/s11440-024-02412-x

Arshad Ullah, Azman Kassim, Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid, Yu Huang, Muhammad Junaid, Mohammad Jawed Roshan

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Abstract

Bottom ash (BA) is a byproduct produced during coal combustion and can be utilized in mortar as a column material to conserve natural resources and promote sustainable ground stabilization. In this paper, the load-carrying capacity performance of the embankment resting on cement bottom ash columns (CBAC) improved ground was examined. Physical model tests and numerical analysis were conducted for the soft soil improved with three columns spacing to diameter ratios (s/d) of 1.8, 2.4, and 3.6 and two columns length to diameter ratios (L/d) of 6 and 8. Three earth pressure transducers, load cell, and pore water pressure transducer were employed to measure the applied vertical stress on the bottom and top of the column and surrounding clay, embankment surface, and excess pore water pressure (u′), respectively. The findings obtained from both physical and numerical models demonstrated that ultimate bearing capacity (q_ult) increased by reducing the s/d and increasing the L/d values. The q_ult increased by almost 1.15, 1.39, 1.70 times and 1.18, 1.44, and 1.77 times as compared to the unimproved soil for the s/d of 3.6, 2.4, and 1.8 with L/d values of 6 and 8, respectively. The maximum improvement was achieved for the model with CBAC having L/d of 8 and s/d of 1.8. In addition, a mathematical equation with R² of 0.999 was established for the determination of the predicted q_ult. The results of this paper can lead to the usage of BA as a green material in the column for ground stabilization.

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用水泥底灰柱改良软土路堤的实验和三维数值分析

底灰（BA）是煤炭燃烧过程中产生的一种副产品，可作为砂浆柱材料加以利用，以保护自然资源并促进可持续的地面加固。本文研究了水泥底灰柱（CBAC）改良地基上路堤的承载能力性能。针对三种柱间距直径比（s/d）分别为 1.8、2.4 和 3.6 以及两种柱长度直径比（L/d）分别为 6 和 8 的改良软土进行了物理模型试验和数值分析。采用了三个土压力传感器、称重传感器和孔隙水压力传感器，分别测量土柱底部和顶部以及周围粘土、路堤表面的垂直应力和过剩孔隙水压力 (u′)。物理模型和数值模型的研究结果表明，极限承载力（qult）会随着 s/d 值的减小和 L/d 值的增大而增加。当 s/d 值为 3.6、2.4 和 1.8，L/d 值为 6 和 8 时，qult 与未改良土壤相比分别增加了近 1.15、1.39 和 1.70 倍和 1.18、1.44 和 1.77 倍。含 CBAC 的模型的改良效果最大，L/d 值为 8，s/d 值为 1.8。此外，还建立了一个 R2 为 0.999 的数学方程来确定预测结果。本文的研究结果可将 BA 作为一种绿色材料用于柱状地面加固。

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来源期刊

Acta Geotechnica ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL-

CiteScore

9.90

自引率

17.50%

发文量

297

审稿时长

4 months

期刊介绍： Acta Geotechnica is an international journal devoted to the publication and dissemination of basic and applied research in geoengineering – an interdisciplinary field dealing with geomaterials such as soils and rocks. Coverage emphasizes the interplay between geomechanical models and their engineering applications. The journal presents original research papers on fundamental concepts in geomechanics and their novel applications in geoengineering based on experimental, analytical and/or numerical approaches. The main purpose of the journal is to foster understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the phenomena and processes in geomaterials, from kilometer-scale problems as they occur in geoscience, and down to the nano-scale, with their potential impact on geoengineering. The journal strives to report and archive progress in the field in a timely manner, presenting research papers, review articles, short notes and letters to the editors.