The combination of nanoparticles and endophytes boosts Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) resistance to drought stress by elevating levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and essential oils

IF 5.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI:10.1186/s40538-024-00682-x
Afsoun Kamyab, Davood Samsampour, Navid Ahmadinasab, Abdonnabi Bagheri
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The research aimed to assess how these combined treatments affect the plant’s physiological responses and chemical composition under drought stress.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>A factorial experiment was designed using completely randomized design (CRD) method, incorporating four irrigation levels [100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity (FC)], four FeNPs concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), and three endophyte types (control, bacteria, and fungi). After extracting, purifying, identifying, and screening EB and EF from nine Lamiaceae species, the endophytes <i>Azospirillum lipoferum</i> and <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> isolated from <i>Salvia mirzayanii</i> exhibited the highest drought resistance. The highest amounts of TFM (45.45 g) and TDM (21.56 g) were obtained using the combination of EB and FeNPs at 1 mg L<sup>−1</sup> under irrigation with 100% FC. At 25% FC, EB treatment increased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) by 62.12% and 18.23% compared to the control, respectively. In addition, under optimal humidity conditions, FeNP concentrations were higher than 0.5 mg L<sup>−1</sup> leading to a decrease in PPO activity. At 25% FC, the highest content of total phenols was observed with a 37.5% increase under EB treatment using 1 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of FeNPs, while the highest content of total flavonoids showed a 62.72% increase under EF treatment with 0.5 mg/L of FeNPs. The highest level of <i>p</i>-coumaric acid was obtained under EF (34.27% compared to control). At 25% FC, EB and FeNPs (1 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) increased the level of caffeic acid in thyme plants by 24.70% and 10.08%, respectively. In addition, inoculation with EB increased (11.9%) the content of ferulic acid in plants and the application of FeNPs as a foliar spray decreased the level of ferulic acid in thyme plants. The highest essential oil percentage at 25% FC was observed after inoculation with EF and FeNPs (0.5 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), resulting in significant increases of 14.7% and 82.12%, respectively, compared to the control. A decrease in irrigation level led to an increase in the percentage of essential oil in thyme plants while decreasing dominant essential oil compounds, thymol, and carvacrol. The levels of thymol and carvacrol in the essential oil were not affected by the interaction effects of drought stress, endophytes, and FeNPs. EF and FeNPs (1.5 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), respectively, caused significant increases of 17.44% and 29.87% compared to the control in the amount of thymol and significant increases of 13.75% and 31.01% in the amount of carvacrol. All FeNPs concentrations decreased the concentrations of ferulic acid, FeNPs (1.5 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) and PPO; these particles act as abiotic stressors at sub-toxic levels and become phytotoxic at higher concentrations.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>It seems that combining endophytes with FeNPs showed promise in enhancing drought tolerance in <i>T. vulgaris</i>. These treatments have significantly contributed to the production of enzymatic antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, leading to a reduction in the amounts of oxidants. At the same time, they have improved both the quality and quantity of essential oils. This highlights the importance of establishing an effective antioxidant system in response to environmental stresses.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40538-024-00682-x","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40538-024-00682-x","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract

Background

As climate change and water scarcity increasingly threaten agricultural productivity, enhancing plant resilience to drought has attracted great attention. This study explored the potential of combining Fe2O3 nanoparticles (FeNPs), endophytic bacteria (EB), and endophytic fungi (EF) to boost drought tolerance in Thymus vulgaris. The research aimed to assess how these combined treatments affect the plant’s physiological responses and chemical composition under drought stress.

Results

A factorial experiment was designed using completely randomized design (CRD) method, incorporating four irrigation levels [100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity (FC)], four FeNPs concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L−1), and three endophyte types (control, bacteria, and fungi). After extracting, purifying, identifying, and screening EB and EF from nine Lamiaceae species, the endophytes Azospirillum lipoferum and Aspergillus oryzae isolated from Salvia mirzayanii exhibited the highest drought resistance. The highest amounts of TFM (45.45 g) and TDM (21.56 g) were obtained using the combination of EB and FeNPs at 1 mg L−1 under irrigation with 100% FC. At 25% FC, EB treatment increased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) by 62.12% and 18.23% compared to the control, respectively. In addition, under optimal humidity conditions, FeNP concentrations were higher than 0.5 mg L−1 leading to a decrease in PPO activity. At 25% FC, the highest content of total phenols was observed with a 37.5% increase under EB treatment using 1 mg L−1 of FeNPs, while the highest content of total flavonoids showed a 62.72% increase under EF treatment with 0.5 mg/L of FeNPs. The highest level of p-coumaric acid was obtained under EF (34.27% compared to control). At 25% FC, EB and FeNPs (1 mg L−1) increased the level of caffeic acid in thyme plants by 24.70% and 10.08%, respectively. In addition, inoculation with EB increased (11.9%) the content of ferulic acid in plants and the application of FeNPs as a foliar spray decreased the level of ferulic acid in thyme plants. The highest essential oil percentage at 25% FC was observed after inoculation with EF and FeNPs (0.5 mg L−1), resulting in significant increases of 14.7% and 82.12%, respectively, compared to the control. A decrease in irrigation level led to an increase in the percentage of essential oil in thyme plants while decreasing dominant essential oil compounds, thymol, and carvacrol. The levels of thymol and carvacrol in the essential oil were not affected by the interaction effects of drought stress, endophytes, and FeNPs. EF and FeNPs (1.5 mg L−1), respectively, caused significant increases of 17.44% and 29.87% compared to the control in the amount of thymol and significant increases of 13.75% and 31.01% in the amount of carvacrol. All FeNPs concentrations decreased the concentrations of ferulic acid, FeNPs (1.5 mg L−1) and PPO; these particles act as abiotic stressors at sub-toxic levels and become phytotoxic at higher concentrations.

Conclusions

It seems that combining endophytes with FeNPs showed promise in enhancing drought tolerance in T. vulgaris. These treatments have significantly contributed to the production of enzymatic antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, leading to a reduction in the amounts of oxidants. At the same time, they have improved both the quality and quantity of essential oils. This highlights the importance of establishing an effective antioxidant system in response to environmental stresses.

Graphical Abstract

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纳米颗粒与内生菌的结合通过提高酚类化合物、类黄酮和精油的水平增强百里香(Thymeus vulgaris L.)对干旱胁迫的抵抗力
背景随着气候变化和水资源短缺对农业生产力的威胁日益严重,提高植物的抗旱能力已引起人们的高度重视。本研究探讨了将 Fe2O3 纳米粒子(FeNPs)、内生细菌(EB)和内生真菌(EF)结合起来提高百里香耐旱性的潜力。研究旨在评估这些综合处理如何影响干旱胁迫下植物的生理反应和化学成分。结果 采用完全随机设计法(CRD)设计了一个因子实验,其中包括四种灌溉水平(100%、75%、50% 和 25% 田间能力 (FC))、四种 FeNPs 浓度(0、0.5、1 和 1.5 mg L-1)和三种内生菌类型(对照、细菌和真菌)。从九种唇形科植物中提取、纯化、鉴定和筛选 EB 和 EF 后,从丹参中分离出的内生菌 Azospirillum lipoferum 和 Aspergillus oryzae 表现出最高的抗旱性。在 100% FC 灌溉条件下,EB 和 FeNPs(1 mg L-1)组合的 TFM(45.45 克)和 TDM(21.56 克)含量最高。在 25% FC 条件下,与对照相比,EB 处理使多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸氨解酶(PAL)的活性分别提高了 62.12% 和 18.23%。此外,在最佳湿度条件下,FeNP 浓度高于 0.5 mg L-1 会导致 PPO 活性下降。在 25% FC 条件下,使用 1 mg L-1 FeNPs 进行 EB 处理时,总酚含量最高,增加了 37.5%;而使用 0.5 mg/L FeNPs 进行 EF 处理时,总黄酮含量最高,增加了 62.72%。EF 处理中的对香豆酸含量最高(比对照组高 34.27%)。在 25% FC 条件下,EB 和 FeNPs(1 mg L-1)可使百里香植株中的咖啡酸含量分别增加 24.70% 和 10.08%。此外,接种 EB 会使植物中阿魏酸的含量增加(11.9%),而叶面喷洒 FeNPs 则会降低百里香植物中阿魏酸的含量。接种 EF 和 FeNPs(0.5 毫克/升-1)后,25% FC 的精油百分比最高,与对照相比,分别显著增加了 14.7% 和 82.12%。灌溉水平的降低导致百里香植物中精油的百分比增加,而主要精油化合物百里酚和香芹酚却减少了。百里酚和香芹酚在精油中的含量不受干旱胁迫、内生菌和 FeNPs 相互作用的影响。与对照相比,EF 和 FeNPs(1.5 mg L-1)分别导致百里酚含量显著增加 17.44% 和 29.87%,香芹酚含量显著增加 13.75% 和 31.01%。所有浓度的 FeNPs 都降低了阿魏酸、FeNPs(1.5 mg L-1)和 PPO 的浓度;这些颗粒在亚毒性水平下起着非生物胁迫作用,在较高浓度下会产生植物毒性。这些处理大大促进了酶抗氧化剂、类黄酮和酚类化合物的产生,从而减少了氧化剂的数量。同时,它们还提高了精油的质量和数量。这凸显了建立有效的抗氧化系统以应对环境压力的重要性。
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来源期刊
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology
CiteScore
6.80
自引率
3.00%
发文量
83
审稿时长
15 weeks
期刊介绍: Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed forum for the advancement and application to all fields of agriculture of modern chemical, biochemical and molecular technologies. The scope of this journal includes chemical and biochemical processes aimed to increase sustainable agricultural and food production, the evaluation of quality and origin of raw primary products and their transformation into foods and chemicals, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Of special interest are the effects of chemical and biochemical technologies, also at the nano and supramolecular scale, on the relationships between soil, plants, microorganisms and their environment, with the help of modern bioinformatics. Another special focus is the use of modern bioorganic and biological chemistry to develop new technologies for plant nutrition and bio-stimulation, advancement of biorefineries from biomasses, safe and traceable food products, carbon storage in soil and plants and restoration of contaminated soils to agriculture. This journal presents the first opportunity to bring together researchers from a wide number of disciplines within the agricultural chemical and biological sciences, from both industry and academia. The principle aim of Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is to allow the exchange of the most advanced chemical and biochemical knowledge to develop technologies which address one of the most pressing challenges of our times - sustaining a growing world population. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture publishes original research articles, short letters and invited reviews. Articles from scientists in industry, academia as well as private research institutes, non-governmental and environmental organizations are encouraged.
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