Disclosure dilemma: Revealing biological paternity to family and others after unexpected direct-to-consumer genetic results

Abstract

Objective

This study explores the experiences of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic test results of recipients who learn of unexpected biological paternity, not parent expected (NPE). We characterize the process of disclosing NPE discoveries, as well as the benefits and the repercussions of such disclosures on individuals, families, and others.

Background

The popularity of DTC genetic testing is increasing. Consequently, many discover unexpected information about their ancestry, heritage, and paternity.

Methods

This qualitative study used an inductive thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with adults (n = 27; aged 40–70) who received DTC genetic test results revealing unexpected biological paternity.

Results

The NPE disclosure dilemma encompasses uncertainty about narrating their discovery; gauging the dispositions of others; wondering what repercussions may arise; and managing feelings about stigma, betrayal, and anger. Culture, history, and family dynamics are vital in navigating disclosures. A desire to understand their origins, connect with new genetic families, and validate their sense of self is essential. Biological connections of kinship remain important arbiters of relatedness for many individuals.

Conclusion

Disclosure of NPE discoveries differs from other stigmatized identities because the secret belongs to someone else; thus, self-disclosure affects the entire family system.

Implications

Drawing on family systems theory and disclosure processes model, our findings provide insights into the intricate dynamics inherent in NPE disclosure.