Sub-second Surface Tension Measurement of Steels Containing Manganese in Aerodynamic Levitation

IF 2.5 4区 工程技术 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL International Journal of Thermophysics Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI:10.1007/s10765-024-03455-8
Dylan Le Maux, Mickaël Courtois, Sadok Gaied, Thomas Pierre
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Abstract

Surface tension of metals is a data of interest for the simulation of welding or additive manufacturing. In this regard, surface tension of three steels has been measured with an experimental device of aerodynamic levitation with the well-known oscillating drop method (observation of the resonance frequency of the drop). Steel can be very sensitive to evaporation that occurs above melting point which can lead to the modification of the chemical composition and thus of the thermophysical properties. One option to limit evaporation is to reduce the duration of the experiment. In this perspective, a new acoustic method has been tested, which consists in exciting the sample with a frequency close to the resonance frequency for a fraction of second and then observing the frequency naturally adopted by the drop during a short relaxation time. This reduces the time of the experiment to less than 1 s, against about 10 s with the frequency sweep method previously used. Both methods are used and discussed in this article. The solicitation-relaxation method is found to significantly reduce the evaporation and thus provides more consistent results at high temperatures. For the steel on which this new method has been tested, the characteristic increasing–decreasing surface tension with temperature has been observed, which can have an impact on the melt pool dynamic in welding or additive manufacturing and should be considered in numerical simulation for better results.

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亚秒级空气动力悬浮中含锰钢的表面张力测量
金属的表面张力是模拟焊接或增材制造的一个重要数据。为此,我们利用空气动力悬浮实验装置,采用著名的振荡液滴法(观察液滴的共振频率)测量了三种钢材的表面张力。钢材对熔点以上的蒸发非常敏感,蒸发会改变钢材的化学成分,从而改变钢材的热物理性质。限制蒸发的一种方法是缩短实验时间。为此,我们测试了一种新的声学方法,即用接近共振频率的频率对样品进行几分之一秒的激励,然后在短暂的弛豫时间内观察液滴自然采用的频率。这将实验时间缩短到 1 秒以内,而之前使用的频率扫描法则需要 10 秒左右。这两种方法都在本文中使用和讨论。结果发现,激励-松弛法可显著减少蒸发,因此在高温下可获得更一致的结果。对于采用这种新方法进行测试的钢材,观察到其表面张力随温度升高而减小的特性,这可能会对焊接或快速成型制造中的熔池动态产生影响,因此应在数值模拟中加以考虑,以获得更好的结果。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.10
自引率
9.10%
发文量
179
审稿时长
5 months
期刊介绍: International Journal of Thermophysics serves as an international medium for the publication of papers in thermophysics, assisting both generators and users of thermophysical properties data. This distinguished journal publishes both experimental and theoretical papers on thermophysical properties of matter in the liquid, gaseous, and solid states (including soft matter, biofluids, and nano- and bio-materials), on instrumentation and techniques leading to their measurement, and on computer studies of model and related systems. Studies in all ranges of temperature, pressure, wavelength, and other relevant variables are included.
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