Viral infection and antiviral immunity in the oral cavity

IF 67.7 1区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Nature Reviews Immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI:10.1038/s41577-024-01100-x
Heather D. Hickman, Niki M. Moutsopoulos
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Abstract

Individual tissues have distinct antiviral properties garnered through various mechanisms, including physical characteristics, tissue-resident immune cells and commensal organisms. Although the oral mucosa has long been appreciated as a critical barrier tissue that is exposed to a continuous barrage of pathogens, many fundamental aspects of the antiviral immune response in this tissue remain unknown. Several viral pathogens, such as herpesviruses and human papillomaviruses, have been acknowledged both historically and at present for infections in the oral cavity that result in substantial clinical burden. However, recent viral outbreaks, including those with SARS-CoV-2 and mpox, featured oral symptoms even though these viruses are not generally considered oral pathogens. Ensuing studies have shown that the oral cavity is an important locale for viral infection and potential transmission of newly emergent or re-emergent pathogens, highlighting the need for an increased understanding of the mechanisms of antiviral immunity at this site. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of antiviral immune responses in the oral cavity and discuss common viral infections and their manifestations in the oral mucosa. In addition, we present current mouse models for the study of oral viral infections. The oral mucosa is a critical barrier tissue that is continually exposed to pathogens, but antiviral immune responses in this tissue are poorly understood. Moreover, recent viral outbreaks, including SARS-CoV-2 and mpox, feature oral symptoms. This Review discusses antiviral immunity in the oral cavity and presents current mouse models for the study of oral viral infections.

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口腔中的病毒感染和抗病毒免疫力
各个组织通过各种机制(包括物理特性、组织驻留免疫细胞和共生生物)具有不同的抗病毒特性。尽管口腔黏膜作为一个关键的屏障组织长期以来一直受到病原体的持续侵袭,但该组织抗病毒免疫反应的许多基本方面仍不为人所知。疱疹病毒和人类乳头状瘤病毒等几种病毒病原体在历史上和现在都被认为是导致大量临床负担的口腔感染病原体。然而,最近爆发的病毒性疾病,包括 SARS-CoV-2 和麻疹病毒,都以口腔症状为特征,尽管这些病毒通常不被视为口腔病原体。随后的研究表明,口腔是病毒感染的重要部位,也是新出现或再次出现的病原体的潜在传播场所,因此需要进一步了解该部位的抗病毒免疫机制。在本综述中,我们将概述口腔中的抗病毒免疫反应,并讨论常见的病毒感染及其在口腔粘膜中的表现。此外,我们还介绍了目前用于研究口腔病毒感染的小鼠模型。
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来源期刊
Nature Reviews Immunology
Nature Reviews Immunology 医学-免疫学
CiteScore
93.40
自引率
0.40%
发文量
131
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Nature Reviews Immunology is a journal that provides comprehensive coverage of all areas of immunology, including fundamental mechanisms and applied aspects. It has two international standard serial numbers (ISSN): 1474-1733 for print and 1474-1741 for online. In addition to review articles, the journal also features recent developments and new primary papers in the field, as well as reflections on influential people, papers, and events in the development of immunology. The subjects covered by Nature Reviews Immunology include allergy and asthma, autoimmunity, antigen processing and presentation, apoptosis and cell death, chemokines and chemokine receptors, cytokines and cytokine receptors, development and function of cells of the immune system, haematopoiesis, infection and immunity, immunotherapy, innate immunity, mucosal immunology and the microbiota, regulation of the immune response, signalling in the immune system, transplantation, tumour immunology and immunotherapy, and vaccine development.
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