A targeted review on occurrence, remediation, and risk assessments of bisphenol A in Africa

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a vital raw material used to manufacture various household and commercial goods. However, BPA is a contaminant of emerging concern (CEC) and an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) capable of migrating and bio-accumulating in environmental and biological compartments. At threshold levels, they become toxic causing adverse health and environmental issues. BPA’s occurrence in food, food contact materials (FCMs), beverages, water, cosmetics, consumer goods, soil, sediments, and human/biological fluids across Africa was outlined. Unlike most reviews, it further collated data on BPA remediation techniques, including the human and ecological risk assessment studies conducted across Africa. A systematic scrutiny of the major indexing databases was employed extracting relevant data for this study. Results reveal that only 10 out of 54 countries have researched BPA in Africa. BPA levels in water were the most investigated, whereas levels in cosmetics and consumer goods were the least studied. Maximum BPA concentrations found in Africa were 3,590,000 ng/g (cosmetic and consumer goods), 154,820,000 ng/g (soils), 189 ng/mL (water), 1139 ng/g (food), and 208.55 ng/mL (biological fluids). The optimum percentage removal/degradation of BPA was within 70–100%. The potential health and ecological risk levels were assessed by comparing them with recommended limits and were found to fall within safe/low risks to unsafe/high risks. In conclusion, this study revealed that there is still little research on BPA in Africa. Levels detected in some matrices call for increased research, stricter health and environmental regulations, and surveillance.

Graphical Abstract