Postoperative Pain in Vitreoretinal Surgery With Combined Regional-General Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate postoperative pain variations in vitreoretinal surgeries conducted with combined regional-general anesthesia or general anesthesia.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled trials published before December 26, 2023. Studies comparing vitreoretinal surgeries conducted under combined anesthesia to general anesthesia were included, while studies using only regional anesthesia were excluded. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool, and the results are presented as odds ratios or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). I² statistic was calculated to assess heterogeneity. The primary outcomes in our study included the proportions of patients needing as-needed postoperative analgesics, dosage of as-needed postoperative analgesia medications, and time to the first demand for as-needed postoperative analgesia. The secondary outcomes included postoperative pain scores at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 hours (h), duration of surgery and anesthesia, and percentage of patients experiencing postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Results

A total of 19 randomized controlled trials involving 1314 patients were analyzed. Combined anesthesia was associated with lower proportions of patients needing as-needed postoperative analgesics (odds ratio, 0.218 95% CI, 0.114-0.418, I² = 55.2%), reduced dosage of as-needed postoperative analgesia medications (SMD, –1.429, 95% CI, –2.395 to –0.462, I² = 90.4%), and longer time to the first demand for as-needed postoperative analgesia compared with general anesthesia alone (SMD, 2.650, 95% CI, 1.169-4.132, I² = 96.5%). The effect of additional regional anesthesia lasted for 6 h (0.5 h SMD, –1.471, 95% CI, –2.498 to –0.444, I² = 90.5%; 1 h, –1.507, –2.309 to –0.705, 92.7%; 2 h –1.487, –2.300 to –0.674, 93.2%; 4 h –1.052, –1.708 to –0.396, 89.5%; 6 h –1.053, –1.932 to –0.174, 93.4%; 12 h –0.286, –0.648 to 0.076, 57.1%; 24 h –0.297, –0.624 to 0.029, 64.0%). Combined anesthesia decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting risk without affecting the surgical or anesthesia duration.

Conclusions

Combined anesthesia demonstrated additional postoperative analgesic effects versus general anesthesia only. Further research is needed to validate the results of our study and to identify vision-threatening complications.