Nanobubble Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging: A Review.

Dana Wegierak, Pinunta Nittayacharn, Michaela B Cooley, Felipe M Berg, Theresa Kosmides, Dorian Durig, Michael C Kolios, Agata A Exner
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Abstract

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is currently used worldwide with clinical indications in cardiology and radiology, and it continues to evolve and develop through innovative technological advancements. Clinically utilized contrast agents for ultrasound consist of hydrophobic gas microbubbles stabilized with a biocompatible shell. These agents are used commonly in echocardiography, with emerging applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Microbubbles are a blood pool agent with diameters between 1 and 10 μm, which precludes their use in other extravascular applications. To expand the potential use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound beyond intravascular applications, sub-micron agents, often called nanobubbles or ultra-fine bubbles, have recently emerged as a promising tool. Combining the principles of ultrasound imaging with the unique properties of nanobubbles (high concentration and small size), recent work has established their imaging potential. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging using these agents continues to gain traction, with new studies establishing novel imaging applications. We highlight the recent achievements in nonlinear nanobubble contrast imaging, including a discussion on nanobubble formulations and their acoustic characteristics. Ultrasound imaging with nanobubbles is still in its early stages, but it has shown great potential in preclinical research and animal studies. We highlight unexplored areas of research where the capabilities of nanobubbles may offer new advantages. As technology advances, this technique may find applications in various areas of medicine, including cancer detection and treatment, cardiovascular imaging, and drug delivery.

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纳米气泡对比增强超声成像:综述。
对比度增强超声波目前在全球范围内广泛应用于心脏病学和放射学的临床适应症,并通过创新技术的进步不断发展壮大。临床上使用的超声造影剂由疏水性气体微气泡组成,微气泡由生物相容性外壳稳定。这些造影剂常用于超声心动图检查,在癌症诊断和治疗方面也有新的应用。微气泡是一种血池剂,直径在 1 到 10 μm 之间,因此无法用于其他血管外应用。为了将造影剂增强超声的潜在用途扩展到血管内应用之外,亚微米制剂(通常称为纳米气泡或超细气泡)最近成为一种很有前途的工具。结合超声成像原理和纳米气泡的独特性质(高浓度和小尺寸),最近的研究工作已经证实了纳米气泡的成像潜力。使用这些制剂的对比度增强超声成像技术不断受到重视,新的研究建立了新的成像应用。我们重点介绍了非线性纳米气泡对比成像的最新成果,包括对纳米气泡配方及其声学特性的讨论。利用纳米气泡进行超声成像仍处于早期阶段,但在临床前研究和动物实验中已显示出巨大的潜力。我们重点介绍了纳米气泡功能可能带来新优势的未开发研究领域。随着技术的进步,这项技术可能会应用于各个医学领域,包括癌症检测和治疗、心血管成像和药物输送。
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