Off–On Photo- and Redox-Triggered Anion Transport Using an Indole-Based Hydrogen Bond Switch

Abstract

A stimulus-responsive indole-based hydrogen bonding switch is reported, which enables off–on activation of transmembrane ion transport in response to photo- and redox triggers. This is achieved by alkylation of an indole-based anionophore, preorganized through intramolecular hydrogen bonding, with o-nitrobenzyl and azobenzene cages. This renders the anionophore inactive through formation of a six-membered intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction and locking of the anion binding protons. Decaging with biologically relevant light and redox stimuli leads to efficient activation of anion transport across lipid bilayer membranes by unlocking the hydrogen bond donors, such that they are now available for anion binding and transport.