Design, development, and validation of a strand-specific RT-qPCR assay to differentiate replicating versus nonreplicating Rabies virus

Abstract

The Rabies virus, a single-strand RNA virus with a negative-sense polarity, is responsible for causing encephalitis and is a zoonotic disease. If not promptly treated after infection, it has a close to 100 % fatality rate. Similar to other negative-sense polarity single-strand RNA viruses, the Rabies virus requires the creation of a positive-strand RNA intermediate for replication. One approach to identify this replication activity is to detect the complementary strand of the viral RNA genome in suspected infected cells or tissues. The reported Rabies virus RT-qPCR detection methods are designed to detect total viral load in samples without distinguishing between positive- and negative-strand for RNA viruses. As such, in this study, a sensitive Taqman-based strand-specific RT-qPCR assay has been developed to quantitatively detect both the positive- and negative-strand of the Rabies virus. This method demonstrates good reproducibility across a wide dynamic range and exhibits linearity of 8 logs with a lower limit of detection of 10³ copies/μL for the positive-strand and 9 logs with a lower limit of detection of 10² copies/μL for the negative-strand. Notably, it can accurately detect a specific viral RNA strand even in the presence of high levels of the opposite strand, confirming the method’s specificity. In summary, a reliable strand-specific RT-qPCR assay has been developed and validated to differentiate replicating from non-replicating Rabies virus.