[STOCKHOLM SYNDROME IN KIDNAPPED AND HOSTAGES AS A SURVIVAL BEHAVIOR].

Abstract

Introduction: Stockholm syndrome (SS) is relatively rare, but during the 'Iron Swords' war, several cases were described in which some of the hostages showed identification and empathy with their captors, which presented their families and their caregivers with diagnostic and therapeutic questions. The term SS was coined following a robbery in Stockholm in 1973, after which one of the hostages developed a relationship with the captors. From this and other cases, SS has become a cornerstone in understanding the dynamics of extreme emotional fabric: trauma woven into the survival instinct. Risk factors for SS are described: being in absolute isolation from anyone other than the captor, inability to escape/avoid the situation, receiving gestures of kindness from the captor, all while the victims are under real threat to their physical and emotional integrity. Several theories for the development of SS exist: psychoanalytic theories rely on Ferenczi's concept of "identification with the aggressor," another theory speaks of 'cognitive dissonance' describing the discomfort arising from holding contradictory beliefs and attitudes. A third theory talks about a daily situation where the victims undergo "brainwashing". The fourth theory relies on an evolutionary perspective and speaks of a survival mechanism called conciliation/surrender. This theory emphasizes the survival goal of adapting to life-threatening situations through calming the aggressor and identifying with them. We found this explanation practical and most helpful for those suffering from this syndrome and their relatives. From understanding SS as a survival behavior, the therapeutic principle also arises. The important message in meeting with the returnees is to accept their emotional stance without judgment or anger and to normalize their behavior as a known and understood phenomenon. It is important to convey and mediate to the returnees and their families that this is a survival mechanism that indicates strength and resourcefulness.