Genetic and cytogenetic analysis of Moringa oleifera short and long capsule phenotypes

Abstract

Cytogenetic and molecular studies hold significant importance in plant breeding programs. In the case of moringa, such studies are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the chromosomal number and genetic diversity parameters in two phenotypes of Moringa oleifera Lam. (short and long capsule) using chromosomal analysis and ISSR markers, respectively. Cytogenetic analyses were conducted using the “Somatic chromosomes in root apices” technique, with acetocarmine and papain for staining. It was possible to identify 2N = 28 chromosomes in a single cell of the long capsule phenotype, ranging in size from 0.05 to 0.10 μm. Cells in both moringa phenotypes were observed in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. High genetic variability was found in both phenotypes of moringa, as indicated by a Shannon index of 0.81. Additionally, the principal component analysis and UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic) groups revealed genetic isolation between the studied moringa phenotypes. The significant polymorphism obtained with most primers suggests that the tested ISSR markers are highly useful for studying genetic diversity in moringa. These findings provide a robust foundation for future research in genetic improvement and conservation of moringa, highlighting the relevance of cytogenetic and molecular studies in this species.