Analytical study on mild steel corrosion inhibition in acidic environment: DFT modeling and RSM optimization

Abstract

This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of various heterocyclic compounds, including 1,3-Thiazole-4-carbothioamide, 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrimidine-2-thiocarboxamide, 1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-carbothioamide, 1H-imidazole-4-carbothioamide, 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide, 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol, and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid, selected for their structural characteristics that make them effective in fuel applications. The presence of functional groups such as thiol, amide, carboxylic acid, imidazole, and thiazole in these compounds enhances their ability to adsorb onto metal surfaces, forming protective layers that significantly inhibit corrosion. These compounds were chosen not only for their strong interaction with metal substrates but also for their stability and durability under various environmental conditions, which are important for fuel systems. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to give structural insights, which are essential for understanding the corrosion inhibition mechanism of the examined compounds. The inhibition performance of these molecules were investigated in 0.5 M HCl via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique for mild steel (MS) containing various inhibitor concentrations (1;3 and 5 mM) and exposure times (1; 24 and 48 h). Particularly, the higher inhibition efficiency of compounds; 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol from their structural and electronic properties. The variable inhibition efficiency observed among different compounds investigates the importance of methods Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for systematically analyzing concentration, time, and molecular structure interactions. The experimental results indicated that 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol exhibited significantly higher inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 5 mM and an exposure duration of 48 h, with inhibition efficiencies of 98.96 % and 98.66 % respectively.