Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138706
Wenwei Zhang , Lifeng Li , Tao Ruan , Xinping Ouyang , Xueqing Qiu
A new N and P co-doped porous carbon (PNC) supported Ru catalyst (Ru/PNC) was constructed for highly efficient hydrogenolysis of lignin, in which PNC was prepared using enzymatically hydrolyzed lignin as the carbon source, phytic acid as the phosphorus source, and melamine as the nitrogen source. The introduction of P greatly increased the mesoporous and macroporous network of the catalyst. The hierarchical porous structure of Ru/PNC and the enhanced metal-support interactions by synergistic effect of N and P heteroatoms enabled Ru active centers to uniformly disperse with small particle size on the support. In addition, the N, P co-doping provided with strong Lewis acidity, high porosity, and high specific surface area, facilitated adsorption of lignin onto active sites of supports. This reduced the dissociation energy between lignin structural units, thereby showing the higher activity of hydrogenolysis of lignin. Under the optimal conditions, Ru/PNC contributed to 37.1% aromatic monomers yield from lignin hydrogenolysis, which outperformed Ru/NC (25.6%) and Ru/AC (15.1%). Moreover, Ru/PNC maintained high activity and structural stability after 5 cycles. This work provides a new approach for constructing efficient catalysts for depolymerizing lignin.
{"title":"Enhanced depolymerization of lignin over N, P co-doped carbon supported Ru catalyst","authors":"Wenwei Zhang , Lifeng Li , Tao Ruan , Xinping Ouyang , Xueqing Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new N and P co-doped porous carbon (PNC) supported Ru catalyst (Ru/PNC) was constructed for highly efficient hydrogenolysis of lignin, in which PNC was prepared using enzymatically hydrolyzed lignin as the carbon source, phytic acid as the phosphorus source, and melamine as the nitrogen source. The introduction of P greatly increased the mesoporous and macroporous network of the catalyst. The hierarchical porous structure of Ru/PNC and the enhanced metal-support interactions by synergistic effect of N and P heteroatoms enabled Ru active centers to uniformly disperse with small particle size on the support. In addition, the N, P co-doping provided with strong Lewis acidity, high porosity, and high specific surface area, facilitated adsorption of lignin onto active sites of supports. This reduced the dissociation energy between lignin structural units, thereby showing the higher activity of hydrogenolysis of lignin. Under the optimal conditions, Ru/PNC contributed to 37.1% aromatic monomers yield from lignin hydrogenolysis, which outperformed Ru/NC (25.6%) and Ru/AC (15.1%). Moreover, Ru/PNC maintained high activity and structural stability after 5 cycles. This work provides a new approach for constructing efficient catalysts for depolymerizing lignin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138706"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138652
Ruixue Zhu , Ziwen Li , Wei Yang , Zhiyong Hao , Yabin Gao , Yinji Wang , Yongkang Sun , Fazhi Yan
This study presents an alternating cyclic N2/CO2 injection strategy designed to synergistically enhance coalbed methane (CBM) recovery. The strategy utilizes the pressure-driven effect of N2 to improve permeability and the adsorption-displacement capacity of CO2, optimizing these functions across distinct stages. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and identify pathways for optimization, a fully coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) model was developed through numerical simulation. This model systematically investigates the effects of the N2/CO2 injection sequence, N2 injection pressure, N2 injection time ratio, and the number of alternating cycles. The response surface method (RSM) was employed to quantify interactions among key parameters and to optimize displacement efficiency. The results demonstrate that N2 pre-injection effectively scours and enlarges gas migration channels, resulting in the highest peak permeability. Furthermore, increasing N2 injection pressure leads to irreversible fracture aperture expansion due to tensile stress, thereby enhancing reservoir permeability. For a single injection cycle, optimal permeability enhancement and displacement efficiency occur at an N2 injection time ratio of 30%. Three alternating cycles are optimal, as they effectively counteract CO2-induced permeability attenuation; however, four cycles diminish effectiveness due to fatigue damage. RSM optimization indicates that displacement efficiency is most sensitive to the interaction between the number of cycles and the N2 injection time ratio. Moreover, the optimal cyclic scheme is influenced by the N2 injection pressure: three cycles are optimal at 5 MPa, with N2 injection time ratios of 53%→36%→23%; one cycle is optimal at 6 MPa, with an N2 injection time ratio of 30%; and two cycles are optimal at 7 MPa, with N2 injection time ratios of 48%→28%. In multiple cycles, a reduction in the N2 injection time ratio facilitates the transition from “N2-dominated permeability enhancement” to “CO2-dominated deep displacement,” thereby maximizing displacement efficiency.
{"title":"Mechanisms of permeability enhancement and displacement by alternating cyclic injection of N2/CO2 and dynamic optimization of gas injection strategies","authors":"Ruixue Zhu , Ziwen Li , Wei Yang , Zhiyong Hao , Yabin Gao , Yinji Wang , Yongkang Sun , Fazhi Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an alternating cyclic N<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> injection strategy designed to synergistically enhance coalbed methane (CBM) recovery. The strategy utilizes the pressure-driven effect of N<sub>2</sub> to improve permeability and the adsorption-displacement capacity of CO<sub>2</sub>, optimizing these functions across distinct stages. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and identify pathways for optimization, a fully coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) model was developed through numerical simulation. This model systematically investigates the effects of the N<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> injection sequence, N<sub>2</sub> injection pressure, N<sub>2</sub> injection time ratio, and the number of alternating cycles. The response surface method (RSM) was employed to quantify interactions among key parameters and to optimize displacement efficiency. The results demonstrate that N<sub>2</sub> pre-injection effectively scours and enlarges gas migration channels, resulting in the highest peak permeability. Furthermore, increasing N<sub>2</sub> injection pressure leads to irreversible fracture aperture expansion due to tensile stress, thereby enhancing reservoir permeability. For a single injection cycle, optimal permeability enhancement and displacement efficiency occur at an N<sub>2</sub> injection time ratio of 30%. Three alternating cycles are optimal, as they effectively counteract CO<sub>2</sub>-induced permeability attenuation; however, four cycles diminish effectiveness due to fatigue damage. RSM optimization indicates that displacement efficiency is most sensitive to the interaction between the number of cycles and the N<sub>2</sub> injection time ratio. Moreover, the optimal cyclic scheme is influenced by the N<sub>2</sub> injection pressure: three cycles are optimal at 5 MPa, with N<sub>2</sub> injection time ratios of 53%→36%→23%; one cycle is optimal at 6 MPa, with an N<sub>2</sub> injection time ratio of 30%; and two cycles are optimal at 7 MPa, with N<sub>2</sub> injection time ratios of 48%→28%. In multiple cycles, a reduction in the N<sub>2</sub> injection time ratio facilitates the transition from “N<sub>2</sub>-dominated permeability enhancement” to “CO<sub>2</sub>-dominated deep displacement,” thereby maximizing displacement efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138652"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the synthesis of bimetallic Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O heterostructures featuring amorphous-crystalline interfaces anchored on nitrogen-doped porous carbon (N-PC) derived from porous organic frameworks (POFs) for high-performance supercapattery devices (SDs). In this process, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions in controlled ratios are incorporated into the POF through a condensation reaction, followed by carbonization under a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000 °C to form Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O@N-PC composites. The coexistence of metallic and metal oxide phases is confirmed through X-ray-based analyses, while Raman spectroscopy and structural characterization verify the presence of amorphous-crystalline interfaces anchored on N-PC. Among the prepared materials, the Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O@N-PC-3 (with a Ni2+: Cu2+ weight ratio of 75:25) exhibits superior electrochemical performance, delivering a maximum specific capacitance of 940 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. High-energy Li- and Na-based non-aqueous SDs are developed using LiClO4, NaClO4, and LiPF6 electrolytes to ensure high ionic conductivity and wide potential windows. The assembled SD (Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O@N-PC-3 / 1.0 M LiPF6 (non-aqueous) / Activated carbon) achieves a remarkable energy density of 177 W h kg−1 and a power density of 2723 W kg−1. Furthermore, the fabricated device effectively powers red and yellow LEDs, confirming its potential for practical energy storage applications.
本研究研究了用于高性能超级电池器件（SDs）的双金属Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O异质结构的合成，其非晶晶界面锚定在多孔有机框架（POFs）衍生的氮掺杂多孔碳（N-PC）上。在该工艺中，Ni2+和Cu2+离子按控制比例通过缩合反应加入POF中，然后在1000℃的氮气气氛下碳化，形成Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O@N-PC复合材料。通过基于x射线的分析证实了金属相和金属氧化物相的共存，而拉曼光谱和结构表征证实了锚定在N-PC上的非晶晶界面的存在。在所制备的材料中，Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O@N-PC-3 （Ni2+: Cu2+质量比为75:25）表现出优异的电化学性能，在1 a g−1时的最大比电容为940 F g−1。利用LiClO4、NaClO4和LiPF6电解质开发了高能Li和na基非水SDs，以确保高离子电导率和宽电位窗。组装后的SD （Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu2O@N-PC-3 / 1.0 M LiPF6（非水）/活性炭）的能量密度为177 W h kg−1，功率密度为2723 W kg−1。此外，该装置有效地为红色和黄色led供电，证实了其实际储能应用的潜力。
{"title":"Copper/nickel-based bimetallic heterostructures anchored nitrogen-doped porous carbon for high-energy lithium and sodium-ion-based supercapatteries","authors":"Eswaran Narayanamoorthi , Cheng-Sao Chen , Haidee Mana-ay , Mani Govindasamy , Pin-Yi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the synthesis of bimetallic Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu<sub>2</sub>O heterostructures featuring amorphous-crystalline interfaces anchored on nitrogen-doped porous carbon (N-PC) derived from porous organic frameworks (POFs) for high-performance supercapattery devices (SDs). In this process, Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions in controlled ratios are incorporated into the POF through a condensation reaction, followed by carbonization under a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000 °C to form Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu<sub>2</sub>O@N-PC composites. The coexistence of metallic and metal oxide phases is confirmed through X-ray-based analyses, while Raman spectroscopy and structural characterization verify the presence of amorphous-crystalline interfaces anchored on N-PC. Among the prepared materials, the Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu<sub>2</sub>O@N-PC-3 (with a Ni<sup>2+</sup>: Cu<sup>2+</sup> weight ratio of 75:25) exhibits superior electrochemical performance, delivering a maximum specific capacitance of 940 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. High-energy Li- and Na-based non-aqueous SDs are developed using LiClO<sub>4</sub>, NaClO<sub>4</sub>, and LiPF<sub>6</sub> electrolytes to ensure high ionic conductivity and wide potential windows. The assembled SD (Ni-Cu/NiO-Cu<sub>2</sub>O@N-PC-3 / 1.0 M LiPF<sub>6</sub> (non-aqueous) / Activated carbon) achieves a remarkable energy density of 177 W h kg<sup>−1</sup> and a power density of 2723 W kg<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, the fabricated device effectively powers red and yellow LEDs, confirming its potential for practical energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138693"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138682
Li Li , Shou-Cheng Jiao , Chang-Wang Shao , Yu-Man Li , Long-Yu Zhang , Xing-Shun Cong , Xian-Yong Wei , Dan Mu
With the growing demand for high-performance energy storage devices in emerging fields such as electric vehicles and wearable electronics, supercapacitors have emerged as a research focus owing to their high-power density, rapid charge–discharge rates, and exceptional cycling stability. Nevertheless, the widespread application of supercapacitors is constrained by the limited energy density and structural instability of conventional electrode materials. Herein, a biomimetic strategy was proposed to prepare nitrogen-doped activated carbon (NAC) using Shenmu lignite as carbon precursor through a one-step carbonization-activation method, anchoring MoOx nanoparticles on the NAC matrix, thereby constructing a MoOx@NAC composite electrode material integrated with synergistic structural and compositional advantages. The composite possesses a remarkable specific surface area (2378 m2 g−1), a well-developed hierarchical pore structure, and suitable nitrogen doping. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the MoOx@NAC electrode delivers an impressive specific capacitance of 40 8F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, along with low resistance in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 19.6 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 125 W kg−1, underscoring its superior electrochemical performance for advanced energy storage applications. Additionally, the composite demonstrated exceptional cycling stability, retaining 93.6% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 consecutive charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between MoOx nanoparticles and N-doped porous carbon. Specifically, the nitrogen and oxygen functional groups improve electrolyte wettability and reduce internal resistance, while the reversible redox reactions from Mo species and nitrogen-containing groups provide extra pseudo-capacitance and enrich active sites. This work presents a promising biomimetic strategy for developing high-performance carbon-based electrodes, offering a promising route for the value-added utilization of lignite-derived activated carbon in industrial supercapacitors.
随着电动汽车和可穿戴电子等新兴领域对高性能储能器件的需求不断增长，超级电容器因其高功率密度、快速充放电速率和优异的循环稳定性而成为研究热点。然而，传统电极材料的能量密度和结构不稳定性限制了超级电容器的广泛应用。本文提出以神木褐煤为碳前驱体，采用一步炭化活化法制备氮掺杂活性炭（NAC）的仿生策略，将MoOx纳米颗粒锚定在NAC基体上，构建具有协同结构和组成优势的MoOx@NAC复合电极材料。该复合材料具有显著的比表面积（2378 m2 g−1）、发达的分层孔结构和合适的氮掺杂。电化学表征表明，MoOx@NAC电极在电流密度为0.5 a g−1时具有令人印象深刻的40 8F g−1的比电容，并且在6 M KOH电解质中具有低电阻。此外，组装的对称超级电容器在125 W kg - 1的功率密度下实现了19.6 Wh kg - 1的能量密度，突出了其优越的电化学性能，可用于先进的储能应用。此外，该复合材料表现出优异的循环稳定性，在5 a g−1的电流密度下，在连续10,000次充放电循环后，其初始电容仍保持93.6%。这种增强的性能归因于MoOx纳米颗粒与n掺杂多孔碳之间的协同作用。具体来说，氮和氧官能团提高了电解质的润湿性，降低了内阻，而Mo和含氮基团的可逆氧化还原反应提供了额外的伪电容，丰富了活性位点。这项工作为开发高性能碳基电极提供了一种有前途的仿生策略，为褐煤衍生活性炭在工业超级电容器中的增值利用提供了一条有前途的途径。
{"title":"Anchoring MoOx nanodots in N-doped porous carbon via a biomimetic strategy: enhanced supercapacitor performance","authors":"Li Li , Shou-Cheng Jiao , Chang-Wang Shao , Yu-Man Li , Long-Yu Zhang , Xing-Shun Cong , Xian-Yong Wei , Dan Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing demand for high-performance energy storage devices in emerging fields such as electric vehicles and wearable electronics, supercapacitors have emerged as a research focus owing to their high-power density, rapid charge–discharge rates, and exceptional cycling stability. Nevertheless, the widespread application of supercapacitors is constrained by the limited energy density and structural instability of conventional electrode materials. Herein, a biomimetic strategy was proposed to prepare nitrogen-doped activated carbon (NAC) using Shenmu lignite as carbon precursor through a one-step carbonization-activation method, anchoring MoO<sub>x</sub> nanoparticles on the NAC matrix, thereby constructing a MoO<sub>x</sub>@NAC composite electrode material integrated with synergistic structural and compositional advantages. The composite possesses a remarkable specific surface area (2378 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>), a well-developed hierarchical pore structure, and suitable nitrogen doping. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the MoO<sub>x</sub>@NAC electrode delivers an impressive specific capacitance of 40 8F g<sup>−1</sup> at a current density of 0.5 A g<sup>−1</sup>, along with low resistance in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 19.6 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density of 125 W kg<sup>−1</sup>, underscoring its superior electrochemical performance for advanced energy storage applications. Additionally, the composite demonstrated exceptional cycling stability, retaining 93.6% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 consecutive charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 5 A g<sup>−1</sup>. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between MoO<sub>x</sub> nanoparticles and N-doped porous carbon. Specifically, the nitrogen and oxygen functional groups improve electrolyte wettability and reduce internal resistance, while the reversible redox reactions from Mo species and nitrogen-containing groups provide extra pseudo-capacitance and enrich active sites. This work presents a promising biomimetic strategy for developing high-performance carbon-based electrodes, offering a promising route for the value-added utilization of lignite-derived activated carbon in industrial supercapacitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138682"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138639
Weili Tang , Yuantao Yang , Jinlong Wei , Junli Wang , Ruidong Xu , Nan Li , Linjing Yang
The development of transition metal catalysts with low cost and high efficiency plays a significant role in achieving the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolysis of water, thereby promoting the rapid development of hydrogen energy. Herein, this paper introduces a simple one-step hydrothermal synthesis method for preparing a Ni3S2 catalyst co-doped with W and Fe. It is notable that in the 1 M KOH solution, this electrode has a lower overpotential and faster kinetics. And it shows excellent long-term stability when working continuously for 100 h under 10 mA/cm2 conditions. The combination of experimental results and DFT calculations indicates that the synergistic effect of W and Fe optimizes the adsorption in the rate-determining step, and the energy barrier (1.92 eV) is significantly reduced. This progressive barrier reduction quantitatively confirmed the synergistic effect of Fe-W double doping in regulating the electronic structure of the catalyst, thereby accelerating the OER process. In addition, the OER performance of this catalyst is significantly better than that of other transition metal catalysts reported recently. This work not only presents a highly efficient OER catalyst but also provides a universal co-doping strategy that can be extended to other transition metal compounds for advanced energy conversion technologies.
{"title":"Effective modulation of Ni3S2 by the co-doping strategy of W and Fe enhances the activity and stability for the oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Weili Tang , Yuantao Yang , Jinlong Wei , Junli Wang , Ruidong Xu , Nan Li , Linjing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of transition metal catalysts with low cost and high efficiency plays a significant role in achieving the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolysis of water, thereby promoting the rapid development of hydrogen energy. Herein, this paper introduces a simple one-step hydrothermal synthesis method for preparing a Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub> catalyst co-doped with W and Fe. It is notable that in the 1 M KOH solution, this electrode has a lower overpotential and faster kinetics. And it shows excellent long-term stability when working continuously for 100 h under 10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> conditions. The combination of experimental results and DFT calculations indicates that the synergistic effect of W and Fe optimizes the adsorption in the rate-determining step, and the energy barrier (1.92 eV) is significantly reduced. This progressive barrier reduction quantitatively confirmed the synergistic effect of Fe-W double doping in regulating the electronic structure of the catalyst, thereby accelerating the OER process. In addition, the OER performance of this catalyst is significantly better than that of other transition metal catalysts reported recently. This work not only presents a highly efficient OER catalyst but also provides a universal co-doping strategy that can be extended to other transition metal compounds for advanced energy conversion technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138639"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the combustion behavior of Fe/CuO thermite systems by systematically evaluating the effects of iron particle size, Fe content, porosity, and magnesium (Mg) doping. Thermite pellets were fabricated using three Fe particle size ranges (0–20 µm, 20–40 µm, and 40–80 µm) with varying Fe contents (20–70 wt%), compacted under constant pressure. Combustion performance was evaluated under a fixed single ignition condition. The addition of 2.5 wt% Mg enhanced reactivity and ensured complete and sustained combustion, particularly in compositions with coarse particles or high Fe content.
Beyond burning rate analysis, pellet porosity was measured prior to ignition, and mass changes (loss or gain) were quantified by comparing pellet mass before and after combustion. These data provided insights into the material’s conversion efficiency and the influence of ambient atmospheric oxygen on post-combustion mass variation. Combustion repeatability was verified through triplicate testing, with low standard deviations confirming experimental consistency.
The powders were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess particle morphology and agglomeration, while Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm elemental composition and detect potential surface oxidation or impurities. SEM/EDS observations revealed strong morphological differences between the particle size classes, directly affecting packing density and reaction uniformity.
In conclusion, combining fine Fe particles, a balanced Fe/CuO ratio, and 2.5% Mg doping produced fast, reliable, and reproducible combustion, offering promising potential for advanced thermite-based energetic applications. The resulting data set captures the complex interplay between composition, structure, and ignition behavior in Fe/CuO thermites. It serves as a robust experimental foundation for pyrotechnic laboratories and modelers working on numerical simulation, reaction front propagation, and kinetic parameter extraction in thermite systems.
{"title":"Effect of Particle Size and Magnesium Doping on Fe/CuO Pyrotechnic Composition Combustion","authors":"Nabil Mokrani , Davney Ondzié-Pandzou , Stéphane Bernard , Jean-Claude Harge , Léo Courty","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the combustion behavior of Fe/CuO thermite systems by systematically evaluating the effects of iron particle size, Fe content, porosity, and magnesium (Mg) doping. Thermite pellets were fabricated using three Fe particle size ranges (0–20 µm, 20–40 µm, and 40–80 µm) with varying Fe contents (20–70 wt%), compacted under constant pressure. Combustion performance was evaluated under a fixed single ignition condition. The addition of 2.5 wt% Mg enhanced reactivity and ensured complete and sustained combustion, particularly in compositions with coarse particles or high Fe content.</div><div>Beyond burning rate analysis, pellet porosity was measured prior to ignition, and mass changes (loss or gain) were quantified by comparing pellet mass before and after combustion. These data provided insights into the material’s conversion efficiency and the influence of ambient atmospheric oxygen on post-combustion mass variation. Combustion repeatability was verified through triplicate testing, with low standard deviations confirming experimental consistency.</div><div>The powders were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess particle morphology and agglomeration, while Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm elemental composition and detect potential surface oxidation or impurities. SEM/EDS observations revealed strong morphological differences between the particle size classes, directly affecting packing density and reaction uniformity.</div><div>In conclusion, combining fine Fe particles, a balanced Fe/CuO ratio, and 2.5% Mg doping produced fast, reliable, and reproducible combustion, offering promising potential for advanced thermite-based energetic applications. The resulting data set captures the complex interplay between composition, structure, and ignition behavior in Fe/CuO thermites. It serves as a robust experimental foundation for pyrotechnic laboratories and modelers working on numerical simulation, reaction front propagation, and kinetic parameter extraction in thermite systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138666"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138736
Li Zou , Li Ma , Gaoming Wei , Shifeng Deng , Qinxin Zhao
The Ca-looping biomass chemical looping gasification (CaL-BCLG) process employs cyclic-chain reactions of CaO-based sorbents between the gasifier and the combustor to simultaneously enhance H2 production and enable CO2 capture, offering broad prospects in the clean energy sector. However, tar-induced carbon deposition on the carrier surface and pipeline blockage significantly impair the stability of CaL-BCLG for hydrogen production. Although SiO2- or coal gangue (CG, mainly consisting of SiO2 and Al2O3)-modified CCS (calcined carbide slag) sorbents previously developed by our group have shown promising CO2 capture and hydrogen production performance, their gradual deactivation under heavy-tar conditions remains unavoidable. The underlying interactions between tar and modified sorbents, however, are still poorly understood. In this work, the effect of inert oxide doping on tar cracking performance was systematically evaluated using tar reforming tests, structural characterizations, tar component analysis, and density functional theory–based molecular dynamics simulations. SiO2 or CG incorporation constructed more stable frameworks and preserved active sites, effectively suppressing sintering and carbon deposition. Thus, CCS-Si2 (doped with 2 wt% SiO2) and CCS-CG5 (doped with 5 wt% CG) exhibited higher apparent tar reforming performance than pristine CCS under the tested conditions. Basic phases (Ca2SiO4, Ca12Al14O33) provided additional active sites that promoted the cracking of acidic oxygenates and the steam reforming of carbon deposits. The ·H and ·OH radicals generated via H2O ionization were further identified as the dominant species driving tar decomposition on CaO, with ortho-position dehydrogenation serving as the rate-limiting step. Si doping enhanced the catalytic performance by modulating the electronic structure of CCS and optimizing tar adsorption; however, Si-Al interactions can partially diminish the intrinsic cracking activity of CaO sites. These insights elucidate tar–sorbent interaction mechanisms and offer design principles for high-stability CaO-based sorbents enabling efficient hydrogen production and CO2 capture in CaL-BCLG.
{"title":"Catalytic tar cracking over calcium oxide-based bifunctional materials during biomass chemical looping gasification: Experimental and DFT approaches","authors":"Li Zou , Li Ma , Gaoming Wei , Shifeng Deng , Qinxin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ca-looping biomass chemical looping gasification (CaL-BCLG) process employs cyclic-chain reactions of CaO-based sorbents between the gasifier and the combustor to simultaneously enhance H<sub>2</sub> production and enable CO<sub>2</sub> capture, offering broad prospects in the clean energy sector. However, tar-induced carbon deposition on the carrier surface and pipeline blockage significantly impair the stability of CaL-BCLG for hydrogen production. Although SiO<sub>2</sub>- or coal gangue (CG, mainly consisting of SiO<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)-modified CCS (calcined carbide slag) sorbents previously developed by our group have shown promising CO<sub>2</sub> capture and hydrogen production performance, their gradual deactivation under heavy-tar conditions remains unavoidable. The underlying interactions between tar and modified sorbents, however, are still poorly understood. In this work, the effect of inert oxide doping on tar cracking performance was systematically evaluated using tar reforming tests, structural characterizations, tar component analysis, and density functional theory–based molecular dynamics simulations. SiO<sub>2</sub> or CG incorporation constructed more stable frameworks and preserved active sites, effectively suppressing sintering and carbon deposition. Thus, CCS-Si2 (doped with 2 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub>) and CCS-CG5 (doped with 5 wt% CG) exhibited higher apparent tar reforming performance than pristine CCS under the tested conditions. Basic phases (Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>, Ca<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>14</sub>O<sub>33</sub>) provided additional active sites that promoted the cracking of acidic oxygenates and the steam reforming of carbon deposits. The ·H and ·OH radicals generated via H<sub>2</sub>O ionization were further identified as the dominant species driving tar decomposition on CaO, with <em>ortho</em>-position dehydrogenation serving as the rate-limiting step. Si doping enhanced the catalytic performance by modulating the electronic structure of CCS and optimizing tar adsorption; however, Si-Al interactions can partially diminish the intrinsic cracking activity of CaO sites. These insights elucidate tar–sorbent interaction mechanisms and offer design principles for high-stability CaO-based sorbents enabling efficient hydrogen production and CO<sub>2</sub> capture in CaL-BCLG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138736"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138728
Luis Fernando Marcondes Garzón Lama , Jônatas Vicente , Haussman Guimarães da Gama Leite , Vinicius Malatesta , Rene Francisco Boschi Gonçalves , Amir Antônio Martins de Oliveira Junior , Cristiane Aparecida Martins
Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are a critical pathway for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the aviation sector, yet the deployment of new SAF candidates requires a robust understanding of their fundamental combustion behavior. Limonene, a renewable terpene derived from pine and citrus biomass, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its favorable energy content and bulk properties relative to conventional Jet A-1. However, despite increasing interest, fundamental premixed combustion data for limonene—particularly laminar burning velocity and flame stability parameters—remain limited. The aim of this study is to address this gap through an experimental investigation of the premixed combustion characteristics of limonene. Laminar burning velocity measurements were performed in spherical and cylindrical constant-volume reactors at atmospheric pressure and unburned-gas temperatures of 358, 398, and 438 K using Schlieren imaging. Experiments were conducted for pure limonene, the Jet A-1 surrogate fuel MURI-1, and a 70/30 (vol./vol.) MURI-1–limonene blend over equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.4. The results show that pure limonene exhibits high laminar burning velocities, reaching peak values of approximately 70 cm s⁻1, exceeding those of conventional kerosene surrogates. Flame stability analysis reveals that limonene flames become increasingly sensitive to stretch under fuel-rich conditions, as indicated by decreasing Markstein length and Lewis number. Blending limonene with MURI-1 yields intermediate burning velocities and improves flame stability through increased Markstein length, despite a modest reduction in flame thickness, with enhancements of up to 8% observed under rich conditions. These findings provide new fundamental combustion data for limonene and demonstrate combustion trends consistent with other SAF candidates, supporting its potential as a viable component for future ASTM-certified sustainable aviation fuel formulations and for the development of validated chemical-kinetic models.
可持续航空燃料（SAF）是减少航空业二氧化碳（CO2）排放的关键途径，但部署新的SAF候选燃料需要对其基本燃烧行为有充分的了解。柠檬烯是一种从松树和柑橘类生物质中提取的可再生萜烯，由于其相对于传统Jet a -1具有良好的能量含量和体积特性，已成为有希望的候选材料。然而，尽管人们对柠檬烯的兴趣日益浓厚，但关于柠檬烯预混燃烧的基本数据——尤其是层流燃烧速度和火焰稳定性参数——仍然有限。本研究的目的是通过对柠檬烯预混燃烧特性的实验研究来解决这一差距。利用纹影成像技术，在常压、未燃气体温度分别为358,398和438 K的条件下，在球形和圆柱形等容反应器中测量层流燃烧速度。实验采用纯柠檬烯、Jet a -1替代燃料MURI-1和70/30 （vol./vol.）muri -1 -柠檬烯混合物的当量比为0.7至1.4。结果表明，纯柠檬烯表现出很高的层流燃烧速度，峰值约为70 cm s毒枭，超过了传统的煤油替代品。火焰稳定性分析表明，在富燃料条件下，柠檬烯火焰对拉伸越来越敏感，Markstein长度和Lewis数都在减小。将柠檬烯与MURI-1混合可以产生中等的燃烧速度，并通过增加Markstein长度来提高火焰稳定性，尽管火焰厚度略有减少，在丰富的条件下可以提高8%。这些发现为柠檬烯提供了新的基本燃烧数据，并展示了与其他SAF候选物一致的燃烧趋势，支持其作为未来astm认证的可持续航空燃料配方和开发经过验证的化学动力学模型的可行成分的潜力。
{"title":"Exploring limonene combustion through laminar burning velocity measurements and Markstein length for next-generation SAFs","authors":"Luis Fernando Marcondes Garzón Lama , Jônatas Vicente , Haussman Guimarães da Gama Leite , Vinicius Malatesta , Rene Francisco Boschi Gonçalves , Amir Antônio Martins de Oliveira Junior , Cristiane Aparecida Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are a critical pathway for reducing carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from the aviation sector, yet the deployment of new SAF candidates requires a robust understanding of their fundamental combustion behavior. Limonene, a renewable terpene derived from pine and citrus biomass, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its favorable energy content and bulk properties relative to conventional Jet A-1. However, despite increasing interest, fundamental premixed combustion data for limonene—particularly laminar burning velocity and flame stability parameters—remain limited. The aim of this study is to address this gap through an experimental investigation of the premixed combustion characteristics of limonene. Laminar burning velocity measurements were performed in spherical and cylindrical constant-volume reactors at atmospheric pressure and unburned-gas temperatures of 358, 398, and 438 K using Schlieren imaging. Experiments were conducted for pure limonene, the Jet A-1 surrogate fuel MURI-1, and a 70/30 (vol./vol.) MURI-1–limonene blend over equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.4. The results show that pure limonene exhibits high laminar burning velocities, reaching peak values of approximately 70 cm s⁻<sup>1</sup>, exceeding those of conventional kerosene surrogates. Flame stability analysis reveals that limonene flames become increasingly sensitive to stretch under fuel-rich conditions, as indicated by decreasing Markstein length and Lewis number. Blending limonene with MURI-1 yields intermediate burning velocities and improves flame stability through increased Markstein length, despite a modest reduction in flame thickness, with enhancements of up to 8% observed under rich conditions. These findings provide new fundamental combustion data for limonene and demonstrate combustion trends consistent with other SAF candidates, supporting its potential as a viable component for future ASTM-certified sustainable aviation fuel formulations and for the development of validated chemical-kinetic models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138728"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138742
Zhenhua Yuan , Xiangyu Sun , Zhichao Chen
The pre-combustion chamber burner coupled with radial air staging is a combustion technology that reconciles flame stability with NOx reduction. For this technology, this paper combines cold-state gas-particle flow experiments with pilot-scale hot-state experiments to comprehensively study the effect of key operating parameters (secondary air ratio, RSA) on the flow field, combustion behavior and NOx emission. When RSA ranges from 0.1 to 0.83, there are central and annular recirculation areas (CRA & ARA) in the pre-combustion chamber (PCC). When RSA is 0.10, weaker entrainment of primary air by the secondary jets shifts the obvious CRA onset downstream (on the plane of x/d = 1.8), compared with the cases where RSA ranges from 0.22 to 0.83 (on the plane of x/d = 1.0). RSA increases from 0.10 to 0.83, which is conducive to the rotation and diffusion of the airflow. When RSA ranges from 0.11 to 0.67, stable ignition is maintained, with temperatures in the furnace exceeding 1473 K. As RSA increases from 0.11 to 0.67, the PCC center temperature increases; the CO concentration at furnace center shows a decreasing trend, while the NOx concentration shows an opposite trend; the pulverized coal burnout climbs from 98.4% to 99.8%, while the NOx emission concentration rises from 59 mg/m3 to 364 mg/m3. Taking all factors into account, the comprehensive performance is superior when the RSA is 0.25, with a pulverized coal burnout rate of 99.4% and a NOx concentration of 209 mg/m3 (O2 = 9%). These findings provide experimental foundations and engineering suggestions for pulverized coal boilers in terms of stable combustion and pollutant control.
{"title":"Experimental investigation on gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics from a pre-combustion chamber burner coupled with in-furnace radial air staging:optimization of secondary air ratio","authors":"Zhenhua Yuan , Xiangyu Sun , Zhichao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pre-combustion chamber burner coupled with radial air staging is a combustion technology that reconciles flame stability with NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> reduction. For this technology, this paper combines cold-state gas-particle flow experiments with pilot-scale hot-state experiments to comprehensively study the effect of key operating parameters (secondary air ratio, <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em>) on the flow field, combustion behavior and NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> emission. When <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em> ranges from 0.1 to 0.83, there are central and annular recirculation areas (CRA & ARA) in the pre-combustion chamber (PCC). When <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em> is 0.10, weaker entrainment of primary air by the secondary jets shifts the obvious CRA onset downstream (on the plane of <em>x/d</em> = 1.8), compared with the cases where <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em> ranges from 0.22 to 0.83 (on the plane of <em>x/d</em> = 1.0). <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em> increases from 0.10 to 0.83, which is conducive to the rotation and diffusion of the airflow. When <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em> ranges from 0.11 to 0.67, stable ignition is maintained, with temperatures in the furnace exceeding 1473 K. As <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em> increases from 0.11 to 0.67, the PCC center temperature increases; the CO concentration at furnace center shows a decreasing trend, while the NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> concentration shows an opposite trend; the pulverized coal burnout climbs from 98.4% to 99.8%, while the NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> emission concentration rises from 59 mg/m<sup>3</sup> to 364 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. Taking all factors into account, the comprehensive performance is superior when the <em>R<sub>SA</sub></em> is 0.25, with a pulverized coal burnout rate of 99.4% and a NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> concentration of 209 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (O<sub>2</sub> = 9%). These findings provide experimental foundations and engineering suggestions for pulverized coal boilers in terms of stable combustion and pollutant control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138742"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-15Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138688
Chenyu Liu , Qinghao Lin , Jujia Zhang , Qin Liu , Xianglong Wan , Wentuan Bi
Reducing platinum usage and broadening the operating humidity range are crucial for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study designed a proton-conducting composite through anchoring polyoxometalates onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (POM@SWCNT). The obtained POM@SWCNT was integrated into the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as a conductive skeleton to enhance the local proton-electron coupled environment at the platinum (Pt) catalyst interface, thereby facilitating oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and reducing overall proton transfer resistance across wide humidity range. The introduction of POM@SWCNT increased the electrochemical active area (ECSA) and mass activity (MA) of Pt by 62 % and 33 %, respectively. The proton resistance of the prepared MEA reduces 60 % compared with the conventional MEA at 40 % relative humidity (RH) and 80 °C. This strategy offers a highly promising new technical pathway for developing high-performance fuel cells under wide humidity conditions and low Pt loadings.
{"title":"Single-walled carbon Nanotube-Encapsulated polyoxometalates for Wide-Range humidity PEM fuel cells","authors":"Chenyu Liu , Qinghao Lin , Jujia Zhang , Qin Liu , Xianglong Wan , Wentuan Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing platinum usage and broadening the operating humidity range are crucial for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study designed a proton-conducting composite through anchoring polyoxometalates onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (POM@SWCNT). The obtained POM@SWCNT was integrated into the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as a conductive skeleton to enhance the local proton-electron coupled environment at the platinum (Pt) catalyst interface, thereby facilitating oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and reducing overall proton transfer resistance across wide humidity range. The introduction of POM@SWCNT increased the electrochemical active area (ECSA) and mass activity (MA) of Pt by 62 % and 33 %, respectively. The proton resistance of the prepared MEA reduces 60 % compared with the conventional MEA at 40 % relative humidity (RH) and 80 °C. This strategy offers a highly promising new technical pathway for developing high-performance fuel cells under wide humidity conditions and low Pt loadings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"418 ","pages":"Article 138688"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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