Fuel最新文献 - Book学术

Techno-economic evaluation and multi-objective optimization of a cogeneration system integrating solid oxide fuel cell with steam Rankine and supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycles 固体氧化物燃料电池与蒸汽朗肯和超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环相结合的热电联产系统的技术经济评价和多目标优化

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133675

Zihao Huang , Huailiang You , Jitian Han , Guoxiang Li , Yan Xiao , Bin Hu , Ze-Hang Chen , Daifen Chen

Developing highly efficient thermodynamic cycles is of great importance in the area of distributed energy system, there are still many non-negligible problems on feasibility assessment and performance evaluation in the application of some emerging technologies, especially involving the fuel cells and carbon dioxide power cycles. This study proposes a distributed heat and power cogeneration system composed of a solid oxide fuel cell, a gas turbine, a steam Rankine cycle, a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, and a heat exchanger. The system mathematical model is constructed, and the investigation on system energy, exergy, economic, environmental, and techno-economic performance is performed to demonstrate the technology’s feasibility and applicability. The simulation results indicate that the system can provide 367.03 kW of power and 58.02 kW of heating at the design point, and the overall electrical, exergetic, and energy efficiencies are 68.38 %, 72.41 %, and 79.19 %. The total cost rate of system is achieved to be 11.62 $/h with the system carbon dioxide emission and payback period being 0.2829 kg/kWh and 10.87 year. It can be concluded from the sensitivity analysis that the increases of the compressor pressure ratio, fuel flow rate, and SOFC inlet temperature contribute to improving the system electrical efficiency, while the carbon dioxide emission and the payback period can be reduced. Finally, multi-objective optimization of the cogeneration system is further performed to provide a strategy of performance improvement for system designers and decision makers. The optimization result indicates that though the system carbon emission is increased by 0.25 %, the system payback period and levelized cost of energy are obtained to be 9.88 year and 0.2836 kg/kWh, which are decreased by 9.11 % and 1.47 % compared to the design point.

开发高效热力循环在分布式能源系统领域具有重要意义，但一些新兴技术的应用在可行性评估和性能评价方面仍存在许多不可忽视的问题，尤其是涉及燃料电池和二氧化碳动力循环的技术。本研究提出了一种由固体氧化物燃料电池、燃气轮机、蒸汽朗肯循环、超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环和热交换器组成的分布式热电联产系统。建立了系统数学模型，并对系统的能量、放能、经济、环境和技术经济性能进行了研究，以证明该技术的可行性和适用性。仿真结果表明，该系统在设计点可提供 367.03 kW 的功率和 58.02 kW 的热量，总体电气效率、放能效率和能源效率分别为 68.38 %、72.41 % 和 79.19 %。系统总成本率为 11.62 美元/小时，系统二氧化碳排放量和投资回收期分别为 0.2829 千克/千瓦时和 10.87 年。从敏感性分析中可以得出结论，压缩机压力比、燃料流量和 SOFC 入口温度的增加有助于提高系统的电能效率，同时可以减少二氧化碳排放量和投资回收期。最后，进一步对热电联产系统进行多目标优化，为系统设计者和决策者提供性能改进策略。优化结果表明，虽然系统碳排放量增加了 0.25%，但系统投资回收期和平准化能源成本分别为 9.88 年和 0.2836 千克/千瓦时，与设计点相比分别降低了 9.11% 和 1.47%。

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引用次数: 0

Gold nanocatalysts supported on Mono-/Mixed oxides for efficient synthesis of methyl methacrylate 支持单/混合氧化物的金纳米催化剂用于高效合成甲基丙烯酸甲酯

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133763

Muhammad Umar Farooq , Rustem R. Zairov , Bassim Arkook , Moussab Harb , Mohamed M Makhlouf

Developing sustainable methods for producing methyl methacrylate (MMA) has gained strategic importance for industrial applications and as a promising oxygenated fuel additive to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. This dual-purpose approach addresses both industrial needs and the growing demand for cleaner fuel solutions. Our study focuses on synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) supported by alumina (Al₂O₃), cerium oxide (CeO₂), and Al₂O₃/CeO₂ combination by deposition–-precipitation method, aiming to advance far-reaching MMA synthesis through direct oxidative esterification (DOE) of methacrolein (MAL) with methanol. The research explores the relationship between catalyst structure and activity, particularly investigating the impact of AuNPs doping on Al₂O₃, CeO₂, and Al₂O₃/CeO₂ and the mechanism that promotes selective oxidation. The intimate interaction between CeO₂ and Al₂O₃ and adequate doping of AuNPs with Al₂O₃/CeO₂ is beneficial in enhancing catalytic activity and facilitating selective oxidation. Notably, Au/Al₂O₃/CeO₂ demonstrated significantly higher catalytic activity compared to Au/Al₂O₃ and Au/CeO₂ catalysts, achieving 98% MAL conversion and 95% MMA selectivity. The reaction yield, in particular, strongly correlated with surface and active oxygen species around AuNPs. This highly efficient catalytic process provides a green route for MMA production and enables its application as a sustainable fuel additive, contributing to improved engine performance and reduced environmental impact. The optimized catalyst system presents a viable pathway for both industrial chemical production and sustainable energy applications, addressing crucial environmental and energy challenges simultaneously.

开发可持续的甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）生产方法在工业应用方面具有重要的战略意义，同时也是一种很有前途的含氧燃料添加剂，可提高燃烧效率并减少排放。这种两用方法既能满足工业需求，又能满足对清洁燃料解决方案日益增长的需求。我们的研究重点是通过沉积-沉淀法合成由氧化铝（Al2O3）、氧化铈（CeO2）和 Al2O3/CeO2 组合支撑的金纳米粒子（AuNPs），旨在通过甲醇直接氧化酯化（DOE）甲基丙烯醛（MAL）来推进意义深远的 MMA 合成。该研究探讨了催化剂结构与活性之间的关系，特别是研究了掺杂 AuNPs 对 Al2O3、CeO2 和 Al2O3/CeO2 的影响以及促进选择性氧化的机理。CeO2 和 Al2O3 之间的密切相互作用以及 AuNPs 与 Al2O3/CeO2 的充分掺杂有利于提高催化活性和促进选择性氧化。值得注意的是，与 Au/Al2O3 和 Au/CeO2 催化剂相比，Au/Al2O3/CeO2 的催化活性明显更高，可实现 98% 的 MAL 转化率和 95% 的 MMA 选择性。反应产率尤其与 AuNPs 周围的表面和活性氧物种密切相关。这一高效催化过程为 MMA 的生产提供了一条绿色途径，并使其能够作为一种可持续燃料添加剂应用，从而有助于提高发动机性能和减少对环境的影响。优化后的催化剂系统为工业化学品生产和可持续能源应用提供了一条可行的途径，可同时应对关键的环境和能源挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Highly efficient Zr-based coordination polymer for catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: Tuning acid strength and enhancing stability 用于催化 5-羟甲基糠醛转移加氢的高效 Zr 基配位聚合物：调节酸强度并提高稳定性

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133745

Weizhen Xie , Yue Tang , Yiqiang Liu , Mengyuan Huang , Lu Lin , Xing Tang

In this study, Zr-based coordination polymers were synthesized via solvothermal method for the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of biomass-derived aldehydes and ketones. The morphology and strength of Lewis acid sites could be tuned by using different solvent during catalyst preparation. A 98.5 % yield of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) was achieved at 100 °C using Zr-PDC/DMF-DCB, which was synthesized with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) as ligand in a mixed solvent of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,2-dichlorobenzeneisopropanol (DCB) and exhibited moderate Lewis acid sites. Conversely, while Zr-PDC synthesized in alcohols (Zr-PDC/MeOH and Zr-PDC/EtOH) were used as catalysts, etherification products formed instead of BHMF. Further investigation into the role of solvents during catalyst preparation revealed that coordination between Zr sites and DMF increased the electron cloud density of Zr sites, thus weakening Lewis acidity. In addition, the inclusion of hydrophobic DCB resulted in the formation of spherical morphology, which improved resistance to carbon deposition and enhanced anti-agglomeration properties. This work presents a strategy for controlling acid strength and improving catalytic stability of coordination polymers.

本研究通过溶热法合成了 Zr 基配位聚合物，用于生物质衍生醛酮的 Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley 还原反应。在催化剂制备过程中，可通过使用不同的溶剂来调整路易斯酸位点的形态和强度。以吡啶-2,6-二羧酸（PDC）为配体，在 N，N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）和 1，2-二氯苯异丙醇（DCB）混合溶剂中合成的 Zr-PDC/DMF-DCB，在 100 ℃ 下可获得 98.5 % 的 2，5-双（羟甲基）呋喃（BHMF）产率，并表现出中等的路易斯酸位点。相反，在醇类（Zr-PDC/MeOH 和 Zr-PDC/EtOH）中合成的 Zr-PDC 用作催化剂时，形成的是醚化产物而不是 BHMF。对催化剂制备过程中溶剂作用的进一步研究表明，Zr 位点与 DMF 之间的配位增加了 Zr 位点的电子云密度，从而削弱了路易斯酸性。此外，疏水性 DCB 的加入导致了球形形态的形成，从而提高了抗碳沉积能力并增强了抗团聚性能。这项研究提出了一种控制配位聚合物酸强度和提高催化稳定性的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanistic insights into SO2-induced deactivation of Ni-based materials for integrated CO2 capture and methanation 二氧化硫诱导镍基材料失活的机理研究，用于二氧化碳捕集和甲烷化

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133755

Xinlin Xie, Lei Liu, Hanzi Liu, Zhiqiang Sun

Dual functional materials (DFMs) for cyclic CO₂ capture and methanation exhibit significant potential in mitigating global climate change and achieving carbon neutrality. However, material deactivation caused by SO₂ poisoning presents a major challenge for its industrial applications. Herein, we tailored a kind of Ni-based DFM, and the sulfur poisoning effects on CO₂ adsorption and in-situ conversion were systematically investigated. The experimental results reveal a striking inverse relationship between SO₂ concentration, CO₂ capture capacity, and methane yield. Increasing SO₂ concentration promotes the form of stable sulfate species and undecomposable, lower CO₂ capture capacity which further decreases methane yield with the rate of decrease in methane yield rising sharply from 7.14 % to 85.71 % as the SO₂ concentration increases from 100 ppmv to 1000 ppmv, compared to the methane yield in the absence of SO₂. Physicochemical characterizations demonstrate that SO₂ accumulates on the surface of DFM, initially forming sulfite and oxidizing to sulfate during the CO₂ adsorption process. Furthermore, sulfur poisoning accelerates the oxidation of metallic Ni to Ni²⁺ after cyclic reactions, which suppresses high-temperature basic sites and surface oxygen vacancies of DFM. In-situ DRIFT studies reveal that the deposited sulfate remains stable during H₂ reduction at 340°C, contributing to the decomposition of formate intermediates and ultimately leading to a decrease in methane production.

用于循环捕获二氧化碳和甲烷化的双功能材料（DFMs）在减缓全球气候变化和实现碳中和方面具有巨大潜力。然而，二氧化硫中毒导致的材料失活是其工业应用面临的一大挑战。在此，我们定制了一种镍基 DFM，并系统研究了硫中毒对二氧化碳吸附和原位转化的影响。实验结果表明，二氧化硫浓度、二氧化碳捕集能力和甲烷产量之间存在显著的反比关系。随着二氧化硫浓度从 100 ppmv 增加到 1000 ppmv，甲烷产量的下降率从 7.14% 急剧上升到 85.71%。物理化学特征表明，二氧化硫会在 DFM 表面积聚，最初形成亚硫酸盐，并在二氧化碳吸附过程中氧化成硫酸盐。此外，硫中毒会加速金属镍在循环反应后氧化成 Ni2+，从而抑制 DFM 的高温碱性位点和表面氧空位。原位 DRIFT 研究表明，沉积的硫酸盐在 340°C 的 H2 还原过程中保持稳定，有助于甲酸盐中间体的分解，最终导致甲烷产量下降。

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引用次数: 0

Engineering noble metal-free nickel catalysts for highly efficient liquid fuel production from waste polyolefins under mild conditions 设计不含贵金属的镍催化剂，在温和条件下利用废弃聚烯烃高效生产液体燃料

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133733

Xinlei Han, Jiuxuan Zhang, Zhengyan Qu, Tuo Ji, Feng Zeng, Hong Jiang, Jun Huang, Zhenchen Tang, Weihong Xing, Rizhi Chen

Polyolefin wastes, while posing environmental threats, also offer potential as carbon feedstocks. Hydroconversion techniques show promise in direct transforming polyolefin wastes into liquid fuels, yet practicality is impeded by the prohibitive cost of noble metal-based catalysts or the inferior performance of base metal alternatives. This study introduces a bifunctional 0.5Ni/Beta catalyst, featuring fine Ni nanoparticles (3 nm, 0.5 wt% loading) on Beta zeolite, as a highly efficient catalyst for liquid fuel production from diverse polyolefins. This catalyst achieves a notable production rate of 1643 g_liquid∙g_Ni⁻¹∙h⁻¹ and over 86 % selectivity to liquid fuels (C_5-20) under 280 °C, surpassing state-of-the-art noble-metal-free catalysts. Ni particle size controlled by chelators, along with the ratio of Ni to Brønsted acid sites, emerged as crucial performance descriptors. Precise control over the loading of fine Ni nanoparticles (∼1%), not only enhances (de)hydrogenation function but also effectively maintains the Brønsted acidity of Beta zeolites. The Ni/Beta catalyst exhibits resistance to coke deposition and tolerance to various typical impurities, showing promise in practical implementation. This noble metal-free Ni/Beta thus represents an evolving generation of catalyst, propelling sustainable liquid fuel production from plastic wastes.

聚烯烃废料虽然对环境构成威胁，但也具有作为碳原料的潜力。水转化技术有望将聚烯烃废料直接转化为液体燃料，但贵金属催化剂的高昂成本或贱金属催化剂的低劣性能阻碍了该技术的实用性。本研究介绍了一种 0.5Ni/Beta 双功能催化剂，其特点是在 Beta 沸石上形成细小的镍纳米颗粒（3 纳米，负载量为 0.5 wt%），是一种高效催化剂，可从多种聚烯烃中生产液体燃料。该催化剂的生产率高达 1643 gliquid∙gNi-1∙h-1 ，在 280 °C 下对液体燃料（C5-20）的选择性超过 86%，超过了最先进的无贵金属催化剂。由螯合剂控制的镍粒度以及镍与布氏酸位点的比例成为关键的性能描述指标。精确控制细小镍纳米颗粒的负载量（∼1%）不仅能增强（脱）氢功能，还能有效保持贝塔沸石的布氏硬度。镍/贝塔催化剂具有抗焦炭沉积和耐受各种典型杂质的特性，在实际应用中大有可为。因此，这种不含贵金属的 Ni/Beta 催化剂代表了不断发展的新一代催化剂，将推动利用塑料废料生产可持续液体燃料。

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引用次数: 0

A functional fluorine (F)-containing oxidiser of nano-networked NH4CuF3 to improve the combustion efficiency of Al powder 纳米网络化 NH4CuF3 的含氟 (F) 功能氧化剂可提高铝粉的燃烧效率

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133564

Xiandie Zhang, Haozhe Li, Xuxu Cui, Weiduo Fei, Xinwen Ma, Jiaming Liu, Pingyun Li, Xiaode Guo, Xiang Zhou

Aluminium (Al) powder is the most common solid fuel component in metastable intermolecular composites (MICs). It is used in the field of propellants to provide energy for the flight of rockets and missiles. However, the passivation layer overlaying its surface hinders its energy release. Using fluorine (F)-containing oxidisers may etch the passivation layer, enabling Al to achieve a more direct redox process and improving its energy-release capacity. Herein, NH₄CuF₃, which has nano-network structure, was synthesised through the solvo-thermal method, and n-Al was filled into the nano-pore channels using a simple ultrasonic mixing method to form a new n-Al/NH₄CuF₃ MICs with excellent dispersion and interfacial contact. The thermal decomposition process of NH₄CuF₃ was investigated, and the results showed that NH₄CuF₃ could release hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ammonia (NH₃) gaseous products. The passivation layer on the surface of the Al powder was etched by HF, and the abundance of gaseous products during the reaction of n-Al/NH₄CuF₃ Extended the combustion region. This can enhance air capture in the reaction system, minimise reaction sintering and aid in performing external work. Furthermore, n-Al/NH₄CuF₃ exhibits a lower onset reaction temperature, shorter ignition delay time and greater external work ability than n-Al/CuF₂ and n-Al/CuO.

铝（Al）粉末是可变型分子间复合材料（MIC）中最常见的固体燃料成分。它被用于推进剂领域，为火箭和导弹的飞行提供能量。然而，覆盖在其表面的钝化层阻碍了它的能量释放。使用含氟（F）氧化剂可以蚀刻钝化层，使铝实现更直接的氧化还原过程，提高其能量释放能力。本文通过溶热法合成了具有纳米网状结构的 NH4CuF3，并采用简单的超声波混合法将 n-Al 填充到纳米孔道中，从而形成了一种新型 n-Al/NH4CuF3 MICs，具有良好的分散性和界面接触性。研究了 NH4CuF3 的热分解过程，结果表明 NH4CuF3 能释放出氟化氢（HF）和氨（NH3）气态产物。铝粉表面的钝化层被 HF 蚀刻，n-Al/NH4CuF3 反应过程中的大量气态产物扩展了燃烧区域。这可以增强反应系统中的空气捕获，最大限度地减少反应烧结，并有助于进行外部做功。此外，与 n-Al/CuF2 和 n-Al/CuO 相比，n-Al/NH4CuF3 的起始反应温度更低，点火延迟时间更短，外部做功能力更强。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing photocatalytic H2 evolution of Cd0.5Zn0.5S with the synergism of amorphous CoS cocatalysts and surface S2− adsorption 非晶 CoS 协同催化剂与表面 S2- 吸附的协同作用增强了 Cd0.5Zn0.5S 的光催化 H2 演化能力

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133737

Longxin Hu , Xing Liu , Rui Dai , Hua Lai , Junhua Li

Designing surface phase is an efficient strategy to facilitate charge separation and photocatalytic H₂-evolution performance. In this work, CoS cocatalysts were intimately anchored on Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S (denoted as CZS) photocatalyst via in-situ precipitate transformation in S²⁻/SO₃²⁻ solution with cobaltous phosphate (CoPi) as a precursor, meanwhile, S²⁻ ions were adsorbed on the CZS to form a sulfur-rich surface (denoted as CZS-S). The photocatalytic H₂-evolution rate of CoS/CZS-S is 2.02 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ in 0.1 M Na₂S/Na₂SO₃ sacrificial agent system. In addition, CoS/CZS-S exhibits excellent stability in both Na₂S/Na₂SO₃ and lactic acid system. The theoretical calculations (DFT) and experimental results reveal that amorphous CoS can work as a highly effective cocatalyst for H₂ evolution reaction and the intimate contact between CZS and CoS facilitates the photoelectrons transfer from CZS to CoS. The adsorbed S²⁻ ions mainly work as effective hole acceptors. As a result of the synergism of CoS and adsorbed S²⁻ ions, the boosted separation and immigration of photoelectrons and photoholes and high photocatalytic H₂-evolution performance of CoS/CZS-S are realized. The present work highlights simultaneous reinforcing reduction and oxidation half-reaction dynamics via a facile and economic surface strategy to achieve efficient solar H₂-evolution from H₂O splitting.

设计表面相是促进电荷分离和光催化 H2 溶解性能的有效策略。本研究以磷酸钴（CoPi）为前驱体，在S2-/SO32-溶液中通过原位沉淀转化将CoS茧催化剂紧密锚定在Cd0.5Zn0.5S（简称CZS）光催化剂上，同时在CZS上吸附S2-离子形成富硫表面（简称CZS-S）。在 0.1 M Na2S/Na2SO3 牺牲剂体系中，CoS/CZS-S 的光催化 H2 生成率为 2.02 mmol-g-1-h-1。此外，CoS/CZS-S 在 Na2S/Na2SO3 和乳酸体系中均表现出优异的稳定性。理论计算（DFT）和实验结果表明，无定形 CoS 可作为一种高效的茧催化剂用于 H2 演化反应，CZS 和 CoS 之间的亲密接触有利于光电子从 CZS 转移到 CoS。吸附的 S2- 离子主要作为有效的空穴受体发挥作用。由于 CoS 和吸附的 S2- 离子的协同作用，CoS/CZS-S 实现了光电子和光电子孔的分离和迁移，具有很高的光催化 H2 变化性能。本研究通过一种简便、经济的表面策略，强调了同时强化还原和氧化半反应动力学，以实现高效的太阳能 H2O 裂解产生的 H2 蒸发。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of pore structure evolution during coal heating: Insights from the size and direction of aromatic rings 煤炭加热过程中孔隙结构演变的机理：从芳香环的大小和方向看问题

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133601

Li Yuanji , Dai Chengxin , Zhang Penglin , Zhang Qiang

Coalbed methane (CBM) is stored and transported in coal pores, and the size, shape, and connectivity of coal pores directly affect the CBM endowment state and transport process, which have direct implications for gas disaster prevention and CBM mining. However, previous studies on the characterization and genesis of coal nanopores have mainly focused on mineral composition and molecular structure, paying relatively little attention to the effect of the size and directionality of aromatic structures on pore formation. This study determined the nanopore characteristics and the relationship of coal nanopores with aromatic ring size and ordering. To this end, coal samples of different maturity levels, which were obtained through heating under an open-exchange system, were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry, Low Temperature Nitrogen Adsorption, and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope. The results showed that the pores transitioned from organic matter pores to microfractures with the increase of coal maturity. Moreover, the size of aromatic rings gradually increases and the directionality is also gradually enhanced. The diameter of pores with the smallest throat gradually decreases with the increase of the coal rank, and the volume of mesopores exhibits a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease. The volume of macropores exhibits a trend of initial slow increase followed by a rapid increase with the rise of coal rank. The average fractal dimension of macropores decreases with increasing coal maturity, indicating that the non-homogeneity of pore structure gradually decreases and the pore-fracture system tends to homogenize. The average fractal dimension of mesopores shows a fluctuating change trend of low–high-low–high with the increase of coal rank. The relationship between aromatic ring sizes and nanopores shows that pores of 2–9 nm may be controlled by aromatic rings of 5.5–14.4 Å, and 9–10 nm pores may be controlled by 5.5–7.4 Å and 7.5–11.4 Å aromatic rings. The control of 10–15 nm pores is unclear, and 15–50 nm pores may be controlled by 3.0–5.4 Å aromatic rings.

煤层气在煤炭孔隙中储存和运移，煤炭孔隙的大小、形状和连通性直接影响煤层气的赋存状态和运移过程，对瓦斯灾害防治和煤层气开采有直接影响。然而，以往对煤纳米孔隙的表征和成因的研究主要集中在矿物组成和分子结构方面，对芳香结构的大小和方向性对孔隙形成的影响关注相对较少。本研究确定了煤纳米孔的特征以及煤纳米孔与芳香环尺寸和排序的关系。为此，通过扫描电子显微镜、水银渗入孔隙度测定法、低温氮吸附法和高分辨率透射电子显微镜分析了在开式交换系统下加热得到的不同成熟度的煤样。结果表明，随着煤炭成熟度的增加，孔隙从有机物孔隙过渡到微裂隙。此外，芳香环的尺寸逐渐增大，方向性也逐渐增强。随着煤炭等级的提高，最小喉孔的直径逐渐减小，中孔的体积呈先增后减的趋势。随着煤炭等级的提高，大孔体积呈现先缓慢增加后迅速增加的趋势。随着煤炭成熟度的增加，大孔隙的平均分形维数减小，表明孔隙结构的非均质性逐渐减小，孔隙-断裂系统趋于均质。中孔的平均分形维数随煤炭等级的提高呈低-高-低-高的波动变化趋势。芳香环尺寸与纳米孔隙的关系表明，2-9 nm 的孔隙可能由 5.5-14.4 Å 的芳香环控制，9-10 nm 的孔隙可能由 5.5-7.4 Å 和 7.5-11.4 Å 的芳香环控制。10-15 纳米孔隙的控制尚不清楚，15-50 纳米孔隙可能由 3.0-5.4 埃的芳香环控制。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling, optimization, and system evaluation of ammonia production processes by direct chemical looping of petroleum coke/coal 石油焦/煤直接化学循环合成氨生产工艺的建模、优化和系统评估

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133668

Yingying Xia , Chenhong Wu , Bingqian Ling , Dong Xiang

Petroleum coke, a by-product of oil refining, is characterized by high carbon content and calorific value. The combustion of petroleum coke releases substantial amounts of CO₂, posing significant environmental challenge. Chemical looping is a promising technology due to its inherent carbon capture advantage. In this study, the chemical looping ammonia processes with 85 % and 95 % of petroleum coke conversion rates are established. Additionally, a chemical looping ammonia system co-fueled by petroleum coke and coal with a 95 % conversion rate is designed. After detailed modeling and key parameters optimization for the above processes, exergy efficiency and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions are calculated to analyze their performance. The results show that the exergy efficiencies of the three chemical looping ammonia systems are 47.55 %, 53.39 %, and 51.06 %, corresponding to greenhouse gas emissions of 428, 349, and 381 kg CO₂-eq/t NH₃. Enhancing petroleum coke conversion rate and employing the co-feeding chemical looping process can significantly improve the system’s exergy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, thus providing a promising pathway for the clean and efficient utilization of petroleum coke.

石油焦是炼油的副产品，具有高碳含量和高热值的特点。石油焦在燃烧过程中会释放出大量二氧化碳，对环境造成严重挑战。化学循环因其固有的碳捕集优势而成为一项前景广阔的技术。本研究建立了石油焦转化率分别为 85% 和 95% 的化学循环合成氨工艺。此外，还设计了一个以石油焦和煤为共同燃料、转化率为 95% 的化学循环合成氨系统。在对上述工艺进行详细建模和关键参数优化后，计算了放能效和生命周期温室气体排放量，以分析其性能。结果表明，三种化学循环合成氨系统的放能效分别为 47.55%、53.39% 和 51.06%，对应的温室气体排放量分别为 428、349 和 381 kg CO2-eq/tNH3。提高石油焦转化率和采用共喂化学循环工艺可显著提高系统的能效并减少温室气体排放，从而为石油焦的清洁高效利用提供了一条可行的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Improved CO tolerance of Pt nanoparticles on polyaniline-modified carbon for PEMFC anode 用于 PEMFC 阳极的聚苯胺改性碳上铂纳米粒子对 CO 的耐受性得到改善

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133239

Xuzhao Shi , Wei Song , Tao Wei , Kui Zhang , Zhigang Shao

The anode Pt catalyst of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is susceptible to poisoning by trace amounts of CO in hydrogen, which restricts its large-scale commercialisation. Therefore, developing PEMFC catalysts with CO tolerance is crucial as it would reduce the requirement for hydrogen purity. In this study, we present a CO-tolerant catalyst for the PEMFC anode synthesised by loading Pt onto a polyaniline-modified conductive carbon composite support (Pt/C-PANI). The results showed that the catalyst containing 5% PANI in the composite support (Pt/C-PANI-5) exhibited optimal hydrogen oxidation reaction activity and CO tolerance. Electrochemical tests showed that the current drop of Pt/C-PANI-5 was 6.8%, compared to 20% and 12% for Pt/C-sys and commercial PtRu/C catalysts, respectively. Furthermore, results of the single-cell test confirmed improved CO tolerance. These findings provide a potential solution for developing cost-effective fuel cell catalysts with improved CO tolerance.

质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）的阳极铂催化剂易受氢气中微量 CO 的毒害，这限制了其大规模商业化。因此，开发具有一氧化碳耐受性的 PEMFC 催化剂至关重要，因为这将降低对氢气纯度的要求。在本研究中，我们通过在聚苯胺改性导电碳复合载体（Pt/C-PANI）上负载铂，合成了一种用于 PEMFC 阳极的耐 CO 催化剂。结果表明，复合载体中含有 5% PANI 的催化剂（Pt/C-PANI-5）具有最佳的氢氧化反应活性和二氧化碳耐受性。电化学测试表明，Pt/C-PANI-5 的电流下降率为 6.8%，而 Pt/C-sys 和商用 PtRu/C 催化剂的电流下降率分别为 20% 和 12%。此外，单细胞测试结果证实，Pt/C-PANI-5 对 CO 的耐受性有所提高。这些发现为开发具有成本效益的燃料电池催化剂提供了一种潜在的解决方案，这种催化剂对一氧化碳的耐受性更强。

引用次数: 0