Metallic hydrophobic surfaces: Fabrication methods and applications in water vapor condensation

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of materials and methods for creating metallic hydrophobic surfaces and their application in water vapor condensation. It covers various techniques, such as low-energy material coatings, chemical etching, and physical texturing, for developing hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. The review evaluates physical, chemical, and hybrid approaches, focusing on replicating naturally hydrophobic surfaces and assessing key parameters like equilibrium contact angle, contact angle hysteresis, durability, and scalability. The ideal surface for condensation combines high thermal conductivity, a large equilibrium contact angle, and minimal hysteresis to promote efficient dropwise condensation. Despite significant advancements, challenges remain in the durability and scalability of chemical coatings and in achieving hierarchical roughness similar to lotus leaves. Continued innovation is necessary to improve fabrication methods for broader applications in water vapor condensation.